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Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group

The Drosophila saltans group consists of five subgroups and 21 species, most of which have been identified only by morphological aspects of the male terminalia revealed by drawings using a camera lucida and a bright-field microscope. However, several species in the group, mainly those included in th...

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Autores principales: Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge, Noll, Fernando Barbosa, Bicudo, Hermione Elly Melara de Campos, Madi-Ravazzi, Lilian
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051629/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24915442
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097156
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author Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge
Noll, Fernando Barbosa
Bicudo, Hermione Elly Melara de Campos
Madi-Ravazzi, Lilian
author_facet Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge
Noll, Fernando Barbosa
Bicudo, Hermione Elly Melara de Campos
Madi-Ravazzi, Lilian
author_sort Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge
collection PubMed
description The Drosophila saltans group consists of five subgroups and 21 species, most of which have been identified only by morphological aspects of the male terminalia revealed by drawings using a camera lucida and a bright-field microscope. However, several species in the group, mainly those included in the saltans subgroup, are difficult to differentiate using only these characteristics. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze 19 structures of the male terminalia in 10 species from the five saltans subgroups. Among these structures, nine could be identified only through SEM analysis. We aimed to find other characteristics useful for morphological recognition of these species and to use these characteristics for phylogenetic reconstruction. These morphological differences enabled us to effectively distinguish among sibling species. These findings confirmed the monophyly of this group as previously determined in evolutionary studies based on other markers. The single most parsimonious tree (CI = 87 and RI = 90) indicated that the cordata subgroup is the most basal lineage and the saltans subgroup is the most apical lineage, as shown in earlier studies based on morphological data. However, our findings differed somewhat from these studies with respect to the phylogenetic relationships of species in the saltans group indicating that this group is still a puzzle that remains to be deciphered.
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spelling pubmed-40516292014-06-18 Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge Noll, Fernando Barbosa Bicudo, Hermione Elly Melara de Campos Madi-Ravazzi, Lilian PLoS One Research Article The Drosophila saltans group consists of five subgroups and 21 species, most of which have been identified only by morphological aspects of the male terminalia revealed by drawings using a camera lucida and a bright-field microscope. However, several species in the group, mainly those included in the saltans subgroup, are difficult to differentiate using only these characteristics. In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze 19 structures of the male terminalia in 10 species from the five saltans subgroups. Among these structures, nine could be identified only through SEM analysis. We aimed to find other characteristics useful for morphological recognition of these species and to use these characteristics for phylogenetic reconstruction. These morphological differences enabled us to effectively distinguish among sibling species. These findings confirmed the monophyly of this group as previously determined in evolutionary studies based on other markers. The single most parsimonious tree (CI = 87 and RI = 90) indicated that the cordata subgroup is the most basal lineage and the saltans subgroup is the most apical lineage, as shown in earlier studies based on morphological data. However, our findings differed somewhat from these studies with respect to the phylogenetic relationships of species in the saltans group indicating that this group is still a puzzle that remains to be deciphered. Public Library of Science 2014-06-10 /pmc/articles/PMC4051629/ /pubmed/24915442 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097156 Text en © 2014 Souza et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Souza, Tiago Alves Jorge
Noll, Fernando Barbosa
Bicudo, Hermione Elly Melara de Campos
Madi-Ravazzi, Lilian
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title_full Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title_fullStr Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title_full_unstemmed Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title_short Scanning Electron Microscopy of Male Terminalia and Its Application to Species Recognition and Phylogenetic Reconstruction in the Drosophila saltans Group
title_sort scanning electron microscopy of male terminalia and its application to species recognition and phylogenetic reconstruction in the drosophila saltans group
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4051629/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24915442
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097156
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