Direct synthesis of formic acid from carbon dioxide by hydrogenation in acidic media

The chemical transformation of carbon dioxide into useful products becomes increasingly important as CO(2) levels in the atmosphere continue to rise as a consequence of human activities. In this article we describe the direct hydrogenation of CO(2) into formic acid using a homogeneous ruthenium catalyst, in aqueous solution and in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), without any additives. In water, at 40 °C, 0.2 M formic acid can be obtained under 200 bar, however, in DMSO the same catalyst affords 1.9 M formic acid. In both solvents the catalysts can be reused multiple times without a decrease in activity. Worldwide demand for formic acid continues to grow, especially in the context of a renewable energy hydrogen carrier, and its production from CO(2) without base, via the direct catalytic carbon dioxide hydrogenation, is considerably more sustainable than the existing routes.