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Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense)
The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX i...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070999/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24963791 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100718 |
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author | Stokes, Amber N. Ducey, Peter K. Neuman-Lee, Lorin Hanifin, Charles T. French, Susannah S. Pfrender, Michael E. Brodie, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, Edmund D. |
author_facet | Stokes, Amber N. Ducey, Peter K. Neuman-Lee, Lorin Hanifin, Charles T. French, Susannah S. Pfrender, Michael E. Brodie, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, Edmund D. |
author_sort | Stokes, Amber N. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX in most taxa remain mysterious. Here, we show that TTX is present in two species of terrestrial flatworm (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) using a competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay to quantify the toxin and high phase liquid chromatography to confirm the presence. We also investigated the distribution of TTX throughout the bodies of the flatworms and provide evidence suggesting that TTX is used during predation to subdue large prey items. We also show that the egg capsules of B. adventitium have TTX, indicating a further role in defense. These data suggest a potential route for TTX bioaccumulation in terrestrial systems. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4070999 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40709992014-06-27 Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) Stokes, Amber N. Ducey, Peter K. Neuman-Lee, Lorin Hanifin, Charles T. French, Susannah S. Pfrender, Michael E. Brodie, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, Edmund D. PLoS One Research Article The potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin (TTX) is known from a diverse array of taxa, but is unknown in terrestrial invertebrates. Tetrodotoxin is a low molecular weight compound that acts by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, inducing paralysis. However, the origins and ecological functions of TTX in most taxa remain mysterious. Here, we show that TTX is present in two species of terrestrial flatworm (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) using a competitive inhibition enzymatic immunoassay to quantify the toxin and high phase liquid chromatography to confirm the presence. We also investigated the distribution of TTX throughout the bodies of the flatworms and provide evidence suggesting that TTX is used during predation to subdue large prey items. We also show that the egg capsules of B. adventitium have TTX, indicating a further role in defense. These data suggest a potential route for TTX bioaccumulation in terrestrial systems. Public Library of Science 2014-06-25 /pmc/articles/PMC4070999/ /pubmed/24963791 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100718 Text en © 2014 Stokes et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Stokes, Amber N. Ducey, Peter K. Neuman-Lee, Lorin Hanifin, Charles T. French, Susannah S. Pfrender, Michael E. Brodie, Edmund D. Brodie Jr, Edmund D. Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title | Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title_full | Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title_fullStr | Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title_full_unstemmed | Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title_short | Confirmation and Distribution of Tetrodotoxin for the First Time in Terrestrial Invertebrates: Two Terrestrial Flatworm Species (Bipalium adventitium and Bipalium kewense) |
title_sort | confirmation and distribution of tetrodotoxin for the first time in terrestrial invertebrates: two terrestrial flatworm species (bipalium adventitium and bipalium kewense) |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4070999/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24963791 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100718 |
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