Epidemiological time series studies of PM(2.5) and daily mortality and hospital admissions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Short-term exposure to outdoor fine particulate matter (particles with a median aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm (PM(2).(5))) air pollution has been associated with adverse health effects. Existing literature reviews have been limited in size and scope. METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive, systematic review and meta-analysis of 110 peer-reviewed time series studies indexed in medical databases to May 2011 to assess the evidence for associations between PM(2).(5) and daily mortality and hospital admissions for a range of diseases and ages. We stratified our analyses by geographical region to determine the consistency of the evidence worldwide and investigated small study bias. RESULTS: Based upon 23 estimates for all-cause mortality, a 10 µg/m(3) increment in PM(2).(5) was associated with a 1.04% (95% CI 0.52% to 1.56%) increase in the risk of death. Worldwide, there was substantial regional variation (0.25% to 2.08%). Associations for respiratory causes of death were larger than for cardiovascular causes, 1.51% (1.01% to 2.01%) vs 0.84% (0.41% to 1.28%). Positive associations with mortality for most other causes of death and for cardiovascular and respiratory hospital admissions were also observed. We found evidence for small study bias in single-city mortality studies and in multicity studies of cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS: The consistency of the evidence for adverse health effects of short-term exposure to PM(2).(5) across a range of important health outcomes and diseases supports policy measures to control PM(2).(5) concentrations. However, reasons for heterogeneity in effect estimates in different regions of the world require further investigation. Small study bias should also be considered in assessing and quantifying health risks from PM(2).(5).