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Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006
Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are water disinfection by-products that have been associated with bladder cancer and adverse birth outcomes. Four THMs (bromoform, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) were measured in blood and tap water of U.S. adults in the National Health and...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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NLM-Export
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24647036 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499 |
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author | Riederer, Anne M. Dhingra, Radhika Blount, Benjamin C. Steenland, Kyle |
author_facet | Riederer, Anne M. Dhingra, Radhika Blount, Benjamin C. Steenland, Kyle |
author_sort | Riederer, Anne M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are water disinfection by-products that have been associated with bladder cancer and adverse birth outcomes. Four THMs (bromoform, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) were measured in blood and tap water of U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. THMs are metabolized to potentially toxic/mutagenic intermediates by cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2E1 enzymes. Objectives: We conducted exploratory analyses of blood THMs, including factors affecting CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 activity. Methods: We used weighted multivariable regressions to evaluate associations between blood THMs and water concentrations, survey year, and other factors potentially affecting THM exposure or metabolism (e.g., prescription medications, cruciferous vegetables, diabetes, fasting, pregnancy, swimming). Results: From 1999 to 2006, geometric mean blood and water THM levels dropped in parallel, with decreases of 32%–76% in blood and 38%–52% in water, likely resulting, in part, from the lowering of the total THM drinking water standard in 2002–2004. The strongest predictors of blood THM levels were survey year and water concentration (n = 4,232 total THM; n = 4,080 bromoform; n = 4,582 chloroform; n = 4,374 bromodichloromethane; n = 4,464 dibromochloromethane). We detected statistically significant inverse associations with diabetes and eating cruciferous vegetables in all but the bromoform model. Medications did not consistently predict blood levels. Afternoon/evening blood samples had lower THM concentrations than morning samples. In a subsample (n = 230), air chloroform better predicted blood chloroform than water chloroform, suggesting showering/bathing was a more important source than drinking. Conclusions: We identified several factors associated with blood THMs that may affect their metabolism. The potential health implications require further study. Citation: Riederer AM, Dhingra R, Blount BC, Steenland K. 2014. Predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006. Environ Health Perspect 122:695–702; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499 |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4080535 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | NLM-Export |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40805352014-07-11 Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 Riederer, Anne M. Dhingra, Radhika Blount, Benjamin C. Steenland, Kyle Environ Health Perspect Research Background: Trihalomethanes (THMs) are water disinfection by-products that have been associated with bladder cancer and adverse birth outcomes. Four THMs (bromoform, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane) were measured in blood and tap water of U.S. adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2006. THMs are metabolized to potentially toxic/mutagenic intermediates by cytochrome p450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2E1 enzymes. Objectives: We conducted exploratory analyses of blood THMs, including factors affecting CYP2D6 and CYP2E1 activity. Methods: We used weighted multivariable regressions to evaluate associations between blood THMs and water concentrations, survey year, and other factors potentially affecting THM exposure or metabolism (e.g., prescription medications, cruciferous vegetables, diabetes, fasting, pregnancy, swimming). Results: From 1999 to 2006, geometric mean blood and water THM levels dropped in parallel, with decreases of 32%–76% in blood and 38%–52% in water, likely resulting, in part, from the lowering of the total THM drinking water standard in 2002–2004. The strongest predictors of blood THM levels were survey year and water concentration (n = 4,232 total THM; n = 4,080 bromoform; n = 4,582 chloroform; n = 4,374 bromodichloromethane; n = 4,464 dibromochloromethane). We detected statistically significant inverse associations with diabetes and eating cruciferous vegetables in all but the bromoform model. Medications did not consistently predict blood levels. Afternoon/evening blood samples had lower THM concentrations than morning samples. In a subsample (n = 230), air chloroform better predicted blood chloroform than water chloroform, suggesting showering/bathing was a more important source than drinking. Conclusions: We identified several factors associated with blood THMs that may affect their metabolism. The potential health implications require further study. Citation: Riederer AM, Dhingra R, Blount BC, Steenland K. 2014. Predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006. Environ Health Perspect 122:695–702; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499 NLM-Export 2014-03-19 2014-07 /pmc/articles/PMC4080535/ /pubmed/24647036 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, “Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives”); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
spellingShingle | Research Riederer, Anne M. Dhingra, Radhika Blount, Benjamin C. Steenland, Kyle Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title | Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title_full | Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title_fullStr | Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title_full_unstemmed | Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title_short | Predictors of Blood Trihalomethane Concentrations in NHANES 1999–2006 |
title_sort | predictors of blood trihalomethane concentrations in nhanes 1999–2006 |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4080535/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24647036 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306499 |
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