Cargando…

Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran

BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormo...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Mohagheghian, Azita, Nabizadeh, Ramin, Mesdghinia, Alireza, Rastkari, Noushin, Mahvi, Amir Hossein, Alimohammadi, Mahmood, Yunesian, Masoud, Ahmadkhaniha, Reza, Nazmara, Shahrokh
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091687/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013724
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97
_version_ 1782480791681368064
author Mohagheghian, Azita
Nabizadeh, Ramin
Mesdghinia, Alireza
Rastkari, Noushin
Mahvi, Amir Hossein
Alimohammadi, Mahmood
Yunesian, Masoud
Ahmadkhaniha, Reza
Nazmara, Shahrokh
author_facet Mohagheghian, Azita
Nabizadeh, Ramin
Mesdghinia, Alireza
Rastkari, Noushin
Mahvi, Amir Hossein
Alimohammadi, Mahmood
Yunesian, Masoud
Ahmadkhaniha, Reza
Nazmara, Shahrokh
author_sort Mohagheghian, Azita
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and effluents in Iran. The aim of the present study was to determine the amounts of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 influents and effluents of 7 municipal WWTPs across Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in two seasons, summer and autumn, through solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). RESULTS: The results showed that the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in influents ranged from 6.54–18.76 ng/L, 1.02–8 ng/L and 4.18–11.76 ng/L, respectively. Also, the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in effluents ranged from 1.04–4.99 ng/L, 0.5–2.20 ng/L and 0.5–2.58 ng/L, respectively. The levels of E3 were below the detection limit (0.5 ng/L). The percentage removal rate of E1, E2 and EE2 ranged between 61.76–87.25%, 50.98–82.63%, and 66.3–90.25%, respectively. Results indicated no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that WWTP number 7 had significant differences in influent hormone concentrations compared with others. Results only showed a significant relationship between hormones and TSS removal rate, but there was no significant relationship between hormones and COD removal rate. The removal rate of hormone in WWTP number 4 and 7 were significantly different from the others. There was no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4091687
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2014
publisher BioMed Central
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-40916872014-07-11 Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran Mohagheghian, Azita Nabizadeh, Ramin Mesdghinia, Alireza Rastkari, Noushin Mahvi, Amir Hossein Alimohammadi, Mahmood Yunesian, Masoud Ahmadkhaniha, Reza Nazmara, Shahrokh J Environ Health Sci Eng Research Article BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and effluents in Iran. The aim of the present study was to determine the amounts of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 influents and effluents of 7 municipal WWTPs across Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in two seasons, summer and autumn, through solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). RESULTS: The results showed that the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in influents ranged from 6.54–18.76 ng/L, 1.02–8 ng/L and 4.18–11.76 ng/L, respectively. Also, the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in effluents ranged from 1.04–4.99 ng/L, 0.5–2.20 ng/L and 0.5–2.58 ng/L, respectively. The levels of E3 were below the detection limit (0.5 ng/L). The percentage removal rate of E1, E2 and EE2 ranged between 61.76–87.25%, 50.98–82.63%, and 66.3–90.25%, respectively. Results indicated no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that WWTP number 7 had significant differences in influent hormone concentrations compared with others. Results only showed a significant relationship between hormones and TSS removal rate, but there was no significant relationship between hormones and COD removal rate. The removal rate of hormone in WWTP number 4 and 7 were significantly different from the others. There was no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. BioMed Central 2014-06-20 /pmc/articles/PMC4091687/ /pubmed/25013724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97 Text en Copyright © 2014 Mohagheghian et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Mohagheghian, Azita
Nabizadeh, Ramin
Mesdghinia, Alireza
Rastkari, Noushin
Mahvi, Amir Hossein
Alimohammadi, Mahmood
Yunesian, Masoud
Ahmadkhaniha, Reza
Nazmara, Shahrokh
Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title_full Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title_fullStr Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title_full_unstemmed Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title_short Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
title_sort distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in tehran, iran
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091687/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013724
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97
work_keys_str_mv AT mohagheghianazita distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT nabizadehramin distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT mesdghiniaalireza distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT rastkarinoushin distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT mahviamirhossein distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT alimohammadimahmood distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT yunesianmasoud distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT ahmadkhanihareza distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran
AT nazmarashahrokh distributionofestrogenicsteroidsinmunicipalwastewatertreatmentplantsintehraniran