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Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran
BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormo...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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BioMed Central
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091687/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97 |
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author | Mohagheghian, Azita Nabizadeh, Ramin Mesdghinia, Alireza Rastkari, Noushin Mahvi, Amir Hossein Alimohammadi, Mahmood Yunesian, Masoud Ahmadkhaniha, Reza Nazmara, Shahrokh |
author_facet | Mohagheghian, Azita Nabizadeh, Ramin Mesdghinia, Alireza Rastkari, Noushin Mahvi, Amir Hossein Alimohammadi, Mahmood Yunesian, Masoud Ahmadkhaniha, Reza Nazmara, Shahrokh |
author_sort | Mohagheghian, Azita |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and effluents in Iran. The aim of the present study was to determine the amounts of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 influents and effluents of 7 municipal WWTPs across Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in two seasons, summer and autumn, through solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). RESULTS: The results showed that the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in influents ranged from 6.54–18.76 ng/L, 1.02–8 ng/L and 4.18–11.76 ng/L, respectively. Also, the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in effluents ranged from 1.04–4.99 ng/L, 0.5–2.20 ng/L and 0.5–2.58 ng/L, respectively. The levels of E3 were below the detection limit (0.5 ng/L). The percentage removal rate of E1, E2 and EE2 ranged between 61.76–87.25%, 50.98–82.63%, and 66.3–90.25%, respectively. Results indicated no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that WWTP number 7 had significant differences in influent hormone concentrations compared with others. Results only showed a significant relationship between hormones and TSS removal rate, but there was no significant relationship between hormones and COD removal rate. The removal rate of hormone in WWTP number 4 and 7 were significantly different from the others. There was no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4091687 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-40916872014-07-11 Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran Mohagheghian, Azita Nabizadeh, Ramin Mesdghinia, Alireza Rastkari, Noushin Mahvi, Amir Hossein Alimohammadi, Mahmood Yunesian, Masoud Ahmadkhaniha, Reza Nazmara, Shahrokh J Environ Health Sci Eng Research Article BACKGROUND: Estrogenic steroids such as estrone (E1), 17β–estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), and 17α–ethinylestradiol (EE2) are among the most potent endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). Compared with North America, Europe and Japan there is no reliable information on the concentration of steroid hormones in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) influents and effluents in Iran. The aim of the present study was to determine the amounts of E1, E2, E3, and EE2 influents and effluents of 7 municipal WWTPs across Tehran, the capital city of Iran, in two seasons, summer and autumn, through solid-phase extraction (SPE) gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). RESULTS: The results showed that the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in influents ranged from 6.54–18.76 ng/L, 1.02–8 ng/L and 4.18–11.76 ng/L, respectively. Also, the concentrations of E1, E2, and EE2 in effluents ranged from 1.04–4.99 ng/L, 0.5–2.20 ng/L and 0.5–2.58 ng/L, respectively. The levels of E3 were below the detection limit (0.5 ng/L). The percentage removal rate of E1, E2 and EE2 ranged between 61.76–87.25%, 50.98–82.63%, and 66.3–90.25%, respectively. Results indicated no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that WWTP number 7 had significant differences in influent hormone concentrations compared with others. Results only showed a significant relationship between hormones and TSS removal rate, but there was no significant relationship between hormones and COD removal rate. The removal rate of hormone in WWTP number 4 and 7 were significantly different from the others. There was no significant correlation between hormone concentrations and seasons. BioMed Central 2014-06-20 /pmc/articles/PMC4091687/ /pubmed/25013724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97 Text en Copyright © 2014 Mohagheghian et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Mohagheghian, Azita Nabizadeh, Ramin Mesdghinia, Alireza Rastkari, Noushin Mahvi, Amir Hossein Alimohammadi, Mahmood Yunesian, Masoud Ahmadkhaniha, Reza Nazmara, Shahrokh Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title | Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title_full | Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title_fullStr | Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title_full_unstemmed | Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title_short | Distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in Tehran, Iran |
title_sort | distribution of estrogenic steroids in municipal wastewater treatment plants in tehran, iran |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4091687/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25013724 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-12-97 |
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