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Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria
Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are non-protein neurotoxins produced by saltwater dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria. The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 (in viable and non-viable forms) to remove PSTs (saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 2 and 3...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113746/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6072127 |
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author | Vasama, Mari Kumar, Himanshu Salminen, Seppo Haskard, Carolyn A. |
author_facet | Vasama, Mari Kumar, Himanshu Salminen, Seppo Haskard, Carolyn A. |
author_sort | Vasama, Mari |
collection | PubMed |
description | Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are non-protein neurotoxins produced by saltwater dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria. The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 (in viable and non-viable forms) to remove PSTs (saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (GTX2/3), C-toxins 1 and 2 (C1/2)) from neutral and acidic solution (pH 7.3 and 2) was examined using HPLC. Binding decreased in the order of STX ~ neoSTX > C2 > GTX3 > GTX2 > C1. Removal of STX and neoSTX (77%–97.2%) was significantly greater than removal of GTX3 and C2 (33.3%–49.7%). There were no significant differences in toxin removal capacity between viable and non-viable forms of lactobacilli, which suggested that binding rather than metabolism is the mechanism of the removal of toxins. In general, binding was not affected by the presence of other organic molecules in solution. Importantly, this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of specific probiotic lactic bacteria to remove PSTs, particularly the most toxic PST-STX, from solution. Further, these results warrant thorough screening and assessment of safe and beneficial microbes for their usefulness in the seafood and water industries and their effectiveness in vivo. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4113746 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-41137462014-07-29 Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Vasama, Mari Kumar, Himanshu Salminen, Seppo Haskard, Carolyn A. Toxins (Basel) Communication Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are non-protein neurotoxins produced by saltwater dinoflagellates and freshwater cyanobacteria. The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 (in viable and non-viable forms) to remove PSTs (saxitoxin (STX), neosaxitoxin (neoSTX), gonyautoxins 2 and 3 (GTX2/3), C-toxins 1 and 2 (C1/2)) from neutral and acidic solution (pH 7.3 and 2) was examined using HPLC. Binding decreased in the order of STX ~ neoSTX > C2 > GTX3 > GTX2 > C1. Removal of STX and neoSTX (77%–97.2%) was significantly greater than removal of GTX3 and C2 (33.3%–49.7%). There were no significant differences in toxin removal capacity between viable and non-viable forms of lactobacilli, which suggested that binding rather than metabolism is the mechanism of the removal of toxins. In general, binding was not affected by the presence of other organic molecules in solution. Importantly, this is the first study to demonstrate the ability of specific probiotic lactic bacteria to remove PSTs, particularly the most toxic PST-STX, from solution. Further, these results warrant thorough screening and assessment of safe and beneficial microbes for their usefulness in the seafood and water industries and their effectiveness in vivo. MDPI 2014-07-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4113746/ /pubmed/25046082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6072127 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/). |
spellingShingle | Communication Vasama, Mari Kumar, Himanshu Salminen, Seppo Haskard, Carolyn A. Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title | Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title_full | Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title_fullStr | Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title_full_unstemmed | Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title_short | Removal of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins by Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria |
title_sort | removal of paralytic shellfish toxins by probiotic lactic acid bacteria |
topic | Communication |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113746/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25046082 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins6072127 |
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