High Temperature Stability of Onion-Like Carbon vs Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

The thermodynamic stability of onion-like carbon (OLC) nanostructures with respect to highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was determined in the interval 765–1030 K by the electromotive force (emf) measurements of solid electrolyte galvanic cell: (Low) Pt|Cr(3)C(2),CrF(2),OLC|CaF(2)s.c.|Cr(3)C(2),CrF(2),HOPG|Pt (High). The free energy change of transformation HOPG = OLC was found positive below 920.6 K crossing the zero value at this temperature. Its trend with temperature was well described by a 3(rd) degree polynomial. The unexpected too high values of [Image: see text] jointly to the HR-TEM, STEM and EELS evidences that showed OLC completely embedded in rigid cages made of a Cr(3)C(2)/CrF(2) matrix, suggested that carbon in the electrodes experienced different internal pressures. This was confirmed by the evaluation under constant volume of [Image: see text] by the [Image: see text] ratio for OLC (0.5 MPa K(−1)) and HOPG (8 Pa K(−1)) where [Image: see text] and [Image: see text] are the isobaric thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility coefficients, respectively. The temperature dependency of the pressure was derived and utilized to calculate the enthalpy and entropy changes as function of temperature and pressure. The highest value of the internal pressure experienced by OLC was calculated to be about 7 GPa at the highest temperature. At 920.6 K, [Image: see text] and [Image: see text] values are 95.8 kJ mol(−1) and 104.1 JK(−1) mol(−1), respectively. The surface contributions to the energetic of the system were evaluated and they were found negligible compared with the bulk terms. As a consequence of the high internal pressure, the values of the enthalpy and entropy changes were mainly attributed to the formation of carbon defects in OLC considered as multishell fullerenes. The change of the carbon defect fraction is reported as a function of temperature.