Alpha Amylase as a Salivary Biomarker of Acute Stress of Venepuncture from Periodic Medical Examinations

Periodic occupational health examinations often require venepuncture. Acute psychological and physical stressors during such procedure result in sympathetic stimulation and increased salivary protein secretion, including salivary α-amylase (SAA). We studied SAA response to venepuncture during such examination. Fifty-eight healthy males undergoing periodic medical examination reported perceived stress level (PSL) scores (on a five-point scale) and provided passive drool saliva samples at 15-min (T1) and 1-min before (T2); and 1-min (T3) and 15-min after venepuncture (T4). A subset of 33 participants available for repeat examination on a control day when there was no venepuncture provided saliva samples at the corresponding times for comparison. Saliva SAA activity levels were analyzed using a SAA assay kit (Salimetrics LLC, USA). Among 58 participants, mean SAA increased from T1 (89.95 U/L) to T2 (109.5 U/L) and T3 (116.9 U/L). SAA remained elevated 15 min after venepuncture (121.0 U/L). A positive trend in the difference of SAA between T3 and T1 was noted among subjects with increasing mean PSL scores. T3–T1 values were 0.6 (among those with PSL ≤ 1, n = 24), 11.3 (among those with PSL between 1 and 1.5, n = 18), and 78.9 (among those with PSL > 1.5, n = 16). SAA increment over four-time points was significantly higher on the venepuncture compared to the control day (P = 0.021). SAA increases in response to the acute stress of venepuncture during a periodic medical examination, and remains elevated 15 min after the procedure. In comparison, such fluctuations in SAA were not seen on a control day. During venepuncture, increase in SAA from baseline is higher among those who reported greater self-perceived stress during the procedure.