A graphene quantum dot photodynamic therapy agent with high singlet oxygen generation

Clinical applications of current photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents are often limited by their low singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) quantum yields, as well as by photobleaching and poor biocompatibility. Here we present a new PDT agent based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs) that can produce (1)O(2) via a multistate sensitization process, resulting in a quantum yield of ~1.3, the highest reported for PDT agents. The GQDs also exhibit a broad absorption band spanning the UV region and the entire visible region and a strong deep-red emission. Through in vitro and in vivo studies, we demonstrate that GQDs can be used as PDT agents, simultaneously allowing imaging and providing a highly efficient cancer therapy. The present work may lead to a new generation of carbon-based nanomaterial PDT agents with overall performance superior to conventional agents in terms of (1)O(2) quantum yield, water dispersibility, photo- and pH-stability, and biocompatibility.