Reducing Strength Prevailing at Root Surface of Plants Promotes Reduction of Ag(+) and Generation of Ag(0)/Ag(2)O Nanoparticles Exogenously in Aqueous Phase

Potential of root system of plants from wide range of families to effectively reduce membrane impermeable ferricyanide to ferrocyanide and blue coloured 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) to colourless DCPIPH(2) both under non-sterile and sterile conditions, revealed prevalence of immense reducing strength at root surface. As generation of silver nanoparticles (NPs) from Ag(+) involves reduction, present investigations were carried to evaluate if reducing strength prevailing at surface of root system can be exploited for reduction of Ag(+) and exogenous generation of silver-NPs. Root system of intact plants of 16 species from 11 diverse families of angiosperms turned clear colorless AgNO(3) solutions, turbid brown. Absorption spectra of these turbid brown solutions showed silver-NPs specific surface plasmon resonance peak. Transmission electron microscope coupled with energy dispersive X-ray confirmed the presence of distinct NPs in the range of 5–50 nm containing Ag. Selected area electron diffraction and powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the silver NPs showed Bragg reflections, characteristic of crystalline face-centered cubic structure of Ag(0) and cubic structure of Ag(2)O. Root system of intact plants raised under sterile conditions also generated Ag(0)/Ag(2)O-NPs under strict sterile conditions in a manner similar to that recorded under non-sterile conditions. This revealed the inbuilt potential of root system to generate Ag(0)/Ag(2)O-NPs independent of any microorganism. Roots of intact plants reduced triphenyltetrazolium to triphenylformazon and impermeable ferricyanide to ferrocyanide, suggesting involvement of plasma membrane bound dehydrogenases in reduction of Ag(+) and formation of Ag(0)/Ag(2)O-NPs. Root enzyme extract reduced triphenyltetrazolium to triphenylformazon and Ag(+) to Ag(0) in presence of NADH, clearly establishing potential of dehydrogenases to reduce Ag(+) to Ag(0), which generate Ag(0)/Ag(2)O-NPs. Findings presented in this manuscript put forth a novel, simple, economically viable and green protocol for synthesis of silver-NPs under ambient conditions in aqueous phase, using root system of intact plants.