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Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture

Controlling the sex ratio is essential in finfish farming. A balanced sex ratio is usually good for broodstock management, since it enables to develop appropriate breeding schemes. However, in some species the production of monosex populations is desirable because the existence of sexual dimorphism,...

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Autores principales: Martínez, Paulino, Viñas, Ana M., Sánchez, Laura, Díaz, Noelia, Ribas, Laia, Piferrer, Francesc
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179683/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324858
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00340
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author Martínez, Paulino
Viñas, Ana M.
Sánchez, Laura
Díaz, Noelia
Ribas, Laia
Piferrer, Francesc
author_facet Martínez, Paulino
Viñas, Ana M.
Sánchez, Laura
Díaz, Noelia
Ribas, Laia
Piferrer, Francesc
author_sort Martínez, Paulino
collection PubMed
description Controlling the sex ratio is essential in finfish farming. A balanced sex ratio is usually good for broodstock management, since it enables to develop appropriate breeding schemes. However, in some species the production of monosex populations is desirable because the existence of sexual dimorphism, primarily in growth or first time of sexual maturation, but also in color or shape, can render one sex more valuable. The knowledge of the genetic architecture of sex determination (SD) is convenient for controlling sex ratio and for the implementation of breeding programs. Unlike mammals and birds, which show highly conserved master genes that control a conserved genetic network responsible for gonad differentiation (GD), a huge diversity of SD mechanisms has been reported in fish. Despite theory predictions, more than one gene is in many cases involved in fish SD and genetic differences have been observed in the GD network. Environmental factors also play a relevant role and epigenetic mechanisms are becoming increasingly recognized for the establishment and maintenance of the GD pathways. Although major genetic factors are frequently involved in fish SD, these observations strongly suggest that SD in this group resembles a complex trait. Accordingly, the application of quantitative genetics combined with genomic tools is desirable to address its study and in fact, when applied, it has frequently demonstrated a multigene trait interacting with environmental factors in model and cultured fish species. This scenario has notable implications for aquaculture and, depending upon the species, from chromosome manipulation or environmental control techniques up to classical selection or marker assisted selection programs, are being applied. In this review, we selected four relevant species or fish groups to illustrate this diversity and hence the technologies that can be used by the industry for the control of sex ratio: turbot and European sea bass, two reference species of the European aquaculture, and salmonids and tilapia, representing the fish for which there are well established breeding programs.
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spelling pubmed-41796832014-10-16 Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture Martínez, Paulino Viñas, Ana M. Sánchez, Laura Díaz, Noelia Ribas, Laia Piferrer, Francesc Front Genet Genetics Controlling the sex ratio is essential in finfish farming. A balanced sex ratio is usually good for broodstock management, since it enables to develop appropriate breeding schemes. However, in some species the production of monosex populations is desirable because the existence of sexual dimorphism, primarily in growth or first time of sexual maturation, but also in color or shape, can render one sex more valuable. The knowledge of the genetic architecture of sex determination (SD) is convenient for controlling sex ratio and for the implementation of breeding programs. Unlike mammals and birds, which show highly conserved master genes that control a conserved genetic network responsible for gonad differentiation (GD), a huge diversity of SD mechanisms has been reported in fish. Despite theory predictions, more than one gene is in many cases involved in fish SD and genetic differences have been observed in the GD network. Environmental factors also play a relevant role and epigenetic mechanisms are becoming increasingly recognized for the establishment and maintenance of the GD pathways. Although major genetic factors are frequently involved in fish SD, these observations strongly suggest that SD in this group resembles a complex trait. Accordingly, the application of quantitative genetics combined with genomic tools is desirable to address its study and in fact, when applied, it has frequently demonstrated a multigene trait interacting with environmental factors in model and cultured fish species. This scenario has notable implications for aquaculture and, depending upon the species, from chromosome manipulation or environmental control techniques up to classical selection or marker assisted selection programs, are being applied. In this review, we selected four relevant species or fish groups to illustrate this diversity and hence the technologies that can be used by the industry for the control of sex ratio: turbot and European sea bass, two reference species of the European aquaculture, and salmonids and tilapia, representing the fish for which there are well established breeding programs. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC4179683/ /pubmed/25324858 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00340 Text en Copyright © 2014 Martínez, Viñas, Sánchez, Díaz, Ribas and Piferrer. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Genetics
Martínez, Paulino
Viñas, Ana M.
Sánchez, Laura
Díaz, Noelia
Ribas, Laia
Piferrer, Francesc
Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title_full Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title_fullStr Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title_full_unstemmed Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title_short Genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
title_sort genetic architecture of sex determination in fish: applications to sex ratio control in aquaculture
topic Genetics
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179683/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324858
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00340
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