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A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability
Heart rate variability (HRV), the change in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats, is an emergent property of interdependent regulatory systems that operate on different time scales to adapt to challenges and achieve optimal performance. This article briefly reviews neural regulation of the...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179748/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324790 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 |
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author | Shaffer, Fred McCraty, Rollin Zerr, Christopher L. |
author_facet | Shaffer, Fred McCraty, Rollin Zerr, Christopher L. |
author_sort | Shaffer, Fred |
collection | PubMed |
description | Heart rate variability (HRV), the change in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats, is an emergent property of interdependent regulatory systems that operate on different time scales to adapt to challenges and achieve optimal performance. This article briefly reviews neural regulation of the heart, and its basic anatomy, the cardiac cycle, and the sinoatrial and atrioventricular pacemakers. The cardiovascular regulation center in the medulla integrates sensory information and input from higher brain centers, and afferent cardiovascular system inputs to adjust heart rate and blood pressure via sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent pathways. This article reviews sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart, and examines the interpretation of HRV and the association between reduced HRV, risk of disease and mortality, and the loss of regulatory capacity. This article also discusses the intrinsic cardiac nervous system and the heart-brain connection, through which afferent information can influence activity in the subcortical and frontocortical areas, and motor cortex. It also considers new perspectives on the putative underlying physiological mechanisms and properties of the ultra-low-frequency (ULF), very-low-frequency (VLF), low-frequency (LF), and high-frequency (HF) bands. Additionally, it reviews the most common time and frequency domain measurements as well as standardized data collection protocols. In its final section, this article integrates Porges' polyvagal theory, Thayer and colleagues' neurovisceral integration model, Lehrer et al.'s resonance frequency model, and the Institute of HeartMath's coherence model. The authors conclude that a coherent heart is not a metronome because its rhythms are characterized by both complexity and stability over longer time scales. Future research should expand understanding of how the heart and its intrinsic nervous system influence the brain. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4179748 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-41797482014-10-16 A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability Shaffer, Fred McCraty, Rollin Zerr, Christopher L. Front Psychol Psychology Heart rate variability (HRV), the change in the time intervals between adjacent heartbeats, is an emergent property of interdependent regulatory systems that operate on different time scales to adapt to challenges and achieve optimal performance. This article briefly reviews neural regulation of the heart, and its basic anatomy, the cardiac cycle, and the sinoatrial and atrioventricular pacemakers. The cardiovascular regulation center in the medulla integrates sensory information and input from higher brain centers, and afferent cardiovascular system inputs to adjust heart rate and blood pressure via sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent pathways. This article reviews sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the heart, and examines the interpretation of HRV and the association between reduced HRV, risk of disease and mortality, and the loss of regulatory capacity. This article also discusses the intrinsic cardiac nervous system and the heart-brain connection, through which afferent information can influence activity in the subcortical and frontocortical areas, and motor cortex. It also considers new perspectives on the putative underlying physiological mechanisms and properties of the ultra-low-frequency (ULF), very-low-frequency (VLF), low-frequency (LF), and high-frequency (HF) bands. Additionally, it reviews the most common time and frequency domain measurements as well as standardized data collection protocols. In its final section, this article integrates Porges' polyvagal theory, Thayer and colleagues' neurovisceral integration model, Lehrer et al.'s resonance frequency model, and the Institute of HeartMath's coherence model. The authors conclude that a coherent heart is not a metronome because its rhythms are characterized by both complexity and stability over longer time scales. Future research should expand understanding of how the heart and its intrinsic nervous system influence the brain. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-09-30 /pmc/articles/PMC4179748/ /pubmed/25324790 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 Text en Copyright © 2014 Shaffer, McCraty and Zerr. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Shaffer, Fred McCraty, Rollin Zerr, Christopher L. A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title | A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title_full | A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title_fullStr | A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title_full_unstemmed | A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title_short | A healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
title_sort | healthy heart is not a metronome: an integrative review of the heart's anatomy and heart rate variability |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4179748/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324790 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01040 |
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