Cargando…
The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs
BACKGROUND: Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) range in alcohol concentration from 60-95% and are available in a variety of delivery formats, such as rinses, gels, and foams. Recent studies suggest that some ABHR foams dry too slowly, thereby encouraging the use of inadequate volumes. This study investi...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2014
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180309/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-511 |
_version_ | 1782337203641253888 |
---|---|
author | Macinga, David R Shumaker, David J Werner, Heinz-Peter Edmonds, Sarah L Leslie, Rachel A Parker, Albert E Arbogast, James W |
author_facet | Macinga, David R Shumaker, David J Werner, Heinz-Peter Edmonds, Sarah L Leslie, Rachel A Parker, Albert E Arbogast, James W |
author_sort | Macinga, David R |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) range in alcohol concentration from 60-95% and are available in a variety of delivery formats, such as rinses, gels, and foams. Recent studies suggest that some ABHR foams dry too slowly, thereby encouraging the use of inadequate volumes. This study investigates the influence of product volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration on dry-time and antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR foams, gels and rinses. METHODS: ABHR dry-times were measured using volunteers to determine the influences of product volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration. ABHR efficacies were evaluated according to the European Standard for Hygienic Hand Disinfection (EN 1500) using 3-mL application volumes rubbed for 30 s, and additionally, using volumes of the products determined to rub dry in 30 s. RESULTS: Volumes of six ABHR determined to rub dry in 30 s ranged from 1.7 mL to 2.1 mL, and the rate of drying varied significantly between products. ABHR dry-times increased linearly with application volume and decreased linearly with increasing alcohol concentration, but were not significantly influenced by product format. An ABHR foam (70% EtOH), rinse (80% EtOH), and gel (90% EtOH) each met EN 1500 efficacy requirements when tested at a volume of 3 mL, but failed when tested at volumes that dried in 30 s. CONCLUSIONS: Application volume is the primary driver of ABHR dry-time and efficacy, whereas delivery format does not significantly influence either. Although products with greater alcohol concentration dry more quickly, volumes required to meet EN 1500 can take longer than 30 s to dry, even when alcohol concentration is as high as 90%. Future studies are needed to better understand application volumes actually used by healthcare workers in practice, and to understand the clinical efficacy of ABHR at such volumes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-511) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4180309 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-41803092014-10-03 The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs Macinga, David R Shumaker, David J Werner, Heinz-Peter Edmonds, Sarah L Leslie, Rachel A Parker, Albert E Arbogast, James W BMC Infect Dis Research Article BACKGROUND: Alcohol-based hand rubs (ABHR) range in alcohol concentration from 60-95% and are available in a variety of delivery formats, such as rinses, gels, and foams. Recent studies suggest that some ABHR foams dry too slowly, thereby encouraging the use of inadequate volumes. This study investigates the influence of product volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration on dry-time and antimicrobial efficacy of ABHR foams, gels and rinses. METHODS: ABHR dry-times were measured using volunteers to determine the influences of product volume, delivery format, and alcohol concentration. ABHR efficacies were evaluated according to the European Standard for Hygienic Hand Disinfection (EN 1500) using 3-mL application volumes rubbed for 30 s, and additionally, using volumes of the products determined to rub dry in 30 s. RESULTS: Volumes of six ABHR determined to rub dry in 30 s ranged from 1.7 mL to 2.1 mL, and the rate of drying varied significantly between products. ABHR dry-times increased linearly with application volume and decreased linearly with increasing alcohol concentration, but were not significantly influenced by product format. An ABHR foam (70% EtOH), rinse (80% EtOH), and gel (90% EtOH) each met EN 1500 efficacy requirements when tested at a volume of 3 mL, but failed when tested at volumes that dried in 30 s. CONCLUSIONS: Application volume is the primary driver of ABHR dry-time and efficacy, whereas delivery format does not significantly influence either. Although products with greater alcohol concentration dry more quickly, volumes required to meet EN 1500 can take longer than 30 s to dry, even when alcohol concentration is as high as 90%. Future studies are needed to better understand application volumes actually used by healthcare workers in practice, and to understand the clinical efficacy of ABHR at such volumes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-511) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2014-09-20 /pmc/articles/PMC4180309/ /pubmed/25238976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-511 Text en © Macinga et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Macinga, David R Shumaker, David J Werner, Heinz-Peter Edmonds, Sarah L Leslie, Rachel A Parker, Albert E Arbogast, James W The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title | The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title_full | The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title_fullStr | The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title_full_unstemmed | The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title_short | The relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
title_sort | relative influences of product volume, delivery format and alcohol concentration on dry-time and efficacy of alcohol-based hand rubs |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4180309/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25238976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-511 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT macingadavidr therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT shumakerdavidj therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT wernerheinzpeter therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT edmondssarahl therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT leslierachela therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT parkeralberte therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT arbogastjamesw therelativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT macingadavidr relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT shumakerdavidj relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT wernerheinzpeter relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT edmondssarahl relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT leslierachela relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT parkeralberte relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs AT arbogastjamesw relativeinfluencesofproductvolumedeliveryformatandalcoholconcentrationondrytimeandefficacyofalcoholbasedhandrubs |