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Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also called ‘’kala-azar”), is a life threatening neglected tropical infectious disease which mainly affects the poorest of the poor. VL is prevalent in Ethiopia particularly in the northwest of the country. Understanding the risk factors of VL infection helps...

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Autores principales: Yared, Solomon, Deribe, Kebede, Gebreselassie, Araya, Lemma, Wessenseged, Akililu, Essayas, Kirstein, Oscar D, Balkew, Meshesha, Warburg, Alon, Gebre-Michael, Teshome, Hailu, Asrat
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205297/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312308
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-014-0470-1
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author Yared, Solomon
Deribe, Kebede
Gebreselassie, Araya
Lemma, Wessenseged
Akililu, Essayas
Kirstein, Oscar D
Balkew, Meshesha
Warburg, Alon
Gebre-Michael, Teshome
Hailu, Asrat
author_facet Yared, Solomon
Deribe, Kebede
Gebreselassie, Araya
Lemma, Wessenseged
Akililu, Essayas
Kirstein, Oscar D
Balkew, Meshesha
Warburg, Alon
Gebre-Michael, Teshome
Hailu, Asrat
author_sort Yared, Solomon
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also called ‘’kala-azar”), is a life threatening neglected tropical infectious disease which mainly affects the poorest of the poor. VL is prevalent in Ethiopia particularly in the northwest of the country. Understanding the risk factors of VL infection helps in its prevention and control. The aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with VL. METHODS: A case–control study was carried out during the period of January-July 2013 in northwest Ethiopia. Cases and controls were diagnosed using clinical presentation, the rk39 rapid diagnostic test and Direct Agglutination Test (DAT). A total of 283 (84.8% males versus 15.2% females) participants were interviewed. 90 cases and 193 controls were involved, matched by age, sex and geographical location with a ratio of 1:2 (case: controls). Univariate and backward multivariate conditional logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of VL. RESULTS: Elevated odds of VL was associated with goat ownership (OR = 6.4; 95%: confidence interval [Cl]: 1.5-28.4), living in houses with cracked wall (OR = 6.4; 95% Cl: 1.6-25.6), increased family size (OR = 1.3; 95% Cl: 1.0-1.8) and the number of days spent in the farm field (OR = 1.1; 95% Cl: 1.0-1.2). However, daily individual activities around the home and farm fields, mainly sleeping on a bed (OR = 0.2; 95%: Cl 0.03-0.9), sleeping outside the house under a bed net (OR = 0.1; 95% Cl: 0.02-0.36)] and smoking plant parts in the house during the night time (OR = 0.1; 95% Cl: 0.01-0.6) were associated with decreased odds of being VL case. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that use of bed net and smoke could be helpful for the prevention of VL in the area particularly among individuals who spend most of their time in the farm. VL control effort could be focused on improving housing conditions, such as sealing cracks and crevices inside and outside houses. Further research is warranted to elucidate the role of goats in the transmission of L. donovani, assess the impact of bed nets and the role of the traditional practice of smoking plants.
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spelling pubmed-42052972014-10-23 Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia Yared, Solomon Deribe, Kebede Gebreselassie, Araya Lemma, Wessenseged Akililu, Essayas Kirstein, Oscar D Balkew, Meshesha Warburg, Alon Gebre-Michael, Teshome Hailu, Asrat Parasit Vectors Research BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL, also called ‘’kala-azar”), is a life threatening neglected tropical infectious disease which mainly affects the poorest of the poor. VL is prevalent in Ethiopia particularly in the northwest of the country. Understanding the risk factors of VL infection helps in its prevention and control. The aim of the present study was to identify the factors associated with VL. METHODS: A case–control study was carried out during the period of January-July 2013 in northwest Ethiopia. Cases and controls were diagnosed using clinical presentation, the rk39 rapid diagnostic test and Direct Agglutination Test (DAT). A total of 283 (84.8% males versus 15.2% females) participants were interviewed. 90 cases and 193 controls were involved, matched by age, sex and geographical location with a ratio of 1:2 (case: controls). Univariate and backward multivariate conditional logistic regression were used to identify risk factors of VL. RESULTS: Elevated odds of VL was associated with goat ownership (OR = 6.4; 95%: confidence interval [Cl]: 1.5-28.4), living in houses with cracked wall (OR = 6.4; 95% Cl: 1.6-25.6), increased family size (OR = 1.3; 95% Cl: 1.0-1.8) and the number of days spent in the farm field (OR = 1.1; 95% Cl: 1.0-1.2). However, daily individual activities around the home and farm fields, mainly sleeping on a bed (OR = 0.2; 95%: Cl 0.03-0.9), sleeping outside the house under a bed net (OR = 0.1; 95% Cl: 0.02-0.36)] and smoking plant parts in the house during the night time (OR = 0.1; 95% Cl: 0.01-0.6) were associated with decreased odds of being VL case. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that use of bed net and smoke could be helpful for the prevention of VL in the area particularly among individuals who spend most of their time in the farm. VL control effort could be focused on improving housing conditions, such as sealing cracks and crevices inside and outside houses. Further research is warranted to elucidate the role of goats in the transmission of L. donovani, assess the impact of bed nets and the role of the traditional practice of smoking plants. BioMed Central 2014-10-14 /pmc/articles/PMC4205297/ /pubmed/25312308 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-014-0470-1 Text en © Yared et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Yared, Solomon
Deribe, Kebede
Gebreselassie, Araya
Lemma, Wessenseged
Akililu, Essayas
Kirstein, Oscar D
Balkew, Meshesha
Warburg, Alon
Gebre-Michael, Teshome
Hailu, Asrat
Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title_full Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title_fullStr Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title_full_unstemmed Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title_short Risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western Ethiopia
title_sort risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis: a case control study in north-western ethiopia
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4205297/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25312308
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-014-0470-1
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