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Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity

It has been well established that women generally have lower incidence rates of hypertension than men at similar ages and these differences may vary with age. It also has been observed in many studies that after menopause, blood pressure (BP) increases in women to levels even higher than in men. The...

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Autores principales: Kim, Jun-Mo, Kim, Tae-Hee, Lee, Hae-Hyeog, Lee, Seung Hun, Wang, Tong
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The Korean Society of Menopause 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217569/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25371885
http://dx.doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2014.20.1.1
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author Kim, Jun-Mo
Kim, Tae-Hee
Lee, Hae-Hyeog
Lee, Seung Hun
Wang, Tong
author_facet Kim, Jun-Mo
Kim, Tae-Hee
Lee, Hae-Hyeog
Lee, Seung Hun
Wang, Tong
author_sort Kim, Jun-Mo
collection PubMed
description It has been well established that women generally have lower incidence rates of hypertension than men at similar ages and these differences may vary with age. It also has been observed in many studies that after menopause, blood pressure (BP) increases in women to levels even higher than in men. The lack of estrogens may not be suggested as the only component involved in the development of postmenopausal hypertension. Thus, in this mini-review, the possible mechanisms by which sex hormones may influence the BP are discussed. This review also examines the renal regulatory mechanisms for gender differences in BP and explores the effects of salt intake on BP (salt-sensitivity) in pre and post-menopausal women. Estrogen has been shown to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production, thus female sex hormones have a beneficial effect on BP control. Evidences that angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) is up-regulated by estrogen support the favorable effects on BPs in women than men. The kidney plays an integral role in the regulation of arterial pressure through the mechanism of pressure-natriuresis, which has been shown to be modulated by the RAS. The prevalence of salt-sensitivity increases with age and low-salt diets has shown to help reduce systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP. While oral hormone replacement therapy has yielded only a neutral or minimal effect on the elevation of SBP, both the transdermal route replacement and a novel progestin with anti-aldosterone activity (drospirenone) has also shown to reduce SBP.
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spelling pubmed-42175692014-11-04 Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity Kim, Jun-Mo Kim, Tae-Hee Lee, Hae-Hyeog Lee, Seung Hun Wang, Tong J Menopausal Med Review Article It has been well established that women generally have lower incidence rates of hypertension than men at similar ages and these differences may vary with age. It also has been observed in many studies that after menopause, blood pressure (BP) increases in women to levels even higher than in men. The lack of estrogens may not be suggested as the only component involved in the development of postmenopausal hypertension. Thus, in this mini-review, the possible mechanisms by which sex hormones may influence the BP are discussed. This review also examines the renal regulatory mechanisms for gender differences in BP and explores the effects of salt intake on BP (salt-sensitivity) in pre and post-menopausal women. Estrogen has been shown to stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production, thus female sex hormones have a beneficial effect on BP control. Evidences that angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT(2)R) is up-regulated by estrogen support the favorable effects on BPs in women than men. The kidney plays an integral role in the regulation of arterial pressure through the mechanism of pressure-natriuresis, which has been shown to be modulated by the RAS. The prevalence of salt-sensitivity increases with age and low-salt diets has shown to help reduce systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP. While oral hormone replacement therapy has yielded only a neutral or minimal effect on the elevation of SBP, both the transdermal route replacement and a novel progestin with anti-aldosterone activity (drospirenone) has also shown to reduce SBP. The Korean Society of Menopause 2014-04 2014-04-28 /pmc/articles/PMC4217569/ /pubmed/25371885 http://dx.doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2014.20.1.1 Text en Copyright © 2014 by The Korean Society of Menopause http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/).
spellingShingle Review Article
Kim, Jun-Mo
Kim, Tae-Hee
Lee, Hae-Hyeog
Lee, Seung Hun
Wang, Tong
Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title_full Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title_fullStr Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title_full_unstemmed Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title_short Postmenopausal Hypertension and Sodium Sensitivity
title_sort postmenopausal hypertension and sodium sensitivity
topic Review Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217569/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25371885
http://dx.doi.org/10.6118/jmm.2014.20.1.1
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