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Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)

In Brazil, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata is the most important vector of schistosomiasis due to its wide geographical distribution, high infection rate and efficient disease transmission. Among the methods of schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends the use of synthetic mo...

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Autores principales: Martins, Mônica C. B., Silva, Monique C., Silva, Luanna R. S., Lima, Vera L. M., Pereira, Eugênia C., Falcão, Emerson P. S., Melo, Ana M. M. A., da Silva, Nicácio Henrique
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Public Library of Science 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375098
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111102
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author Martins, Mônica C. B.
Silva, Monique C.
Silva, Luanna R. S.
Lima, Vera L. M.
Pereira, Eugênia C.
Falcão, Emerson P. S.
Melo, Ana M. M. A.
da Silva, Nicácio Henrique
author_facet Martins, Mônica C. B.
Silva, Monique C.
Silva, Luanna R. S.
Lima, Vera L. M.
Pereira, Eugênia C.
Falcão, Emerson P. S.
Melo, Ana M. M. A.
da Silva, Nicácio Henrique
author_sort Martins, Mônica C. B.
collection PubMed
description In Brazil, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata is the most important vector of schistosomiasis due to its wide geographical distribution, high infection rate and efficient disease transmission. Among the methods of schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends the use of synthetic molluscicides, such as niclosamide. However, different substances of natural origin have been tested as alternatives for the control or eradication of mollusks. The literature describes the antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral properties of usnic acid as well as other important activities of common interest between medicine and the environment. However, usnic acid has a low degree of water solubility, which can be a limiting factor for its use, especially in aquatic environments, since the organic solvents commonly used to solubilize this substance can have toxic effects on aquatic biota. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the potassium salt of usnic acid (potassium usnate) with regard to molluscicidal activity and toxicity to brine shrimp (Artemia salina). To obtain potassium usnate, usnic acid was extracted with diethyl ether isolated and purified from the lichen Cladonia substellata. Biological assays were performed with embryos and adult snails of B. glabrata exposed for 24 h to the usnate solution solubilized in dechlorinated water at 2.5; 5 and 10 µg/ml for embryos, 0.5; 0.9; 1;5 and 10 µg/ml for mollusks and 0.5; 1; 5; 10 µg/ml for A. salina. The lowest lethal concentration for the embryos and adult snails was 10 and 1 µg/ml, respectively. No toxicity to A. salina was found. The results show that modified usnic acid has increased solubility (100%) without losing its biological activity and may be a viable alternative for the control of B. glabrata.
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spelling pubmed-42227672014-11-13 Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) Martins, Mônica C. B. Silva, Monique C. Silva, Luanna R. S. Lima, Vera L. M. Pereira, Eugênia C. Falcão, Emerson P. S. Melo, Ana M. M. A. da Silva, Nicácio Henrique PLoS One Research Article In Brazil, the snail Biomphalaria glabrata is the most important vector of schistosomiasis due to its wide geographical distribution, high infection rate and efficient disease transmission. Among the methods of schistosomiasis control, the World Health Organization recommends the use of synthetic molluscicides, such as niclosamide. However, different substances of natural origin have been tested as alternatives for the control or eradication of mollusks. The literature describes the antitumor, antimicrobial and antiviral properties of usnic acid as well as other important activities of common interest between medicine and the environment. However, usnic acid has a low degree of water solubility, which can be a limiting factor for its use, especially in aquatic environments, since the organic solvents commonly used to solubilize this substance can have toxic effects on aquatic biota. Thus, the aim of the present study was to test the potassium salt of usnic acid (potassium usnate) with regard to molluscicidal activity and toxicity to brine shrimp (Artemia salina). To obtain potassium usnate, usnic acid was extracted with diethyl ether isolated and purified from the lichen Cladonia substellata. Biological assays were performed with embryos and adult snails of B. glabrata exposed for 24 h to the usnate solution solubilized in dechlorinated water at 2.5; 5 and 10 µg/ml for embryos, 0.5; 0.9; 1;5 and 10 µg/ml for mollusks and 0.5; 1; 5; 10 µg/ml for A. salina. The lowest lethal concentration for the embryos and adult snails was 10 and 1 µg/ml, respectively. No toxicity to A. salina was found. The results show that modified usnic acid has increased solubility (100%) without losing its biological activity and may be a viable alternative for the control of B. glabrata. Public Library of Science 2014-11-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4222767/ /pubmed/25375098 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111102 Text en © 2014 Martins et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Martins, Mônica C. B.
Silva, Monique C.
Silva, Luanna R. S.
Lima, Vera L. M.
Pereira, Eugênia C.
Falcão, Emerson P. S.
Melo, Ana M. M. A.
da Silva, Nicácio Henrique
Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title_full Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title_fullStr Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title_full_unstemmed Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title_short Usnic Acid Potassium Salt: An Alternative for the Control of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818)
title_sort usnic acid potassium salt: an alternative for the control of biomphalaria glabrata (say, 1818)
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4222767/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25375098
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111102
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