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Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene

Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is one of the RF-amide peptides and was originally identified in the bovine hypothalamus as a stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release. Independently, another RF-amide peptide was found in Japanese crucian carp and named Carassius-RFa (C-RFa), which shows high homolog...

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Autores principales: Tachibana, Tetsuya, Sakamoto, Tatsuya
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226156/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25426099
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00170
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author Tachibana, Tetsuya
Sakamoto, Tatsuya
author_facet Tachibana, Tetsuya
Sakamoto, Tatsuya
author_sort Tachibana, Tetsuya
collection PubMed
description Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is one of the RF-amide peptides and was originally identified in the bovine hypothalamus as a stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release. Independently, another RF-amide peptide was found in Japanese crucian carp and named Carassius-RFa (C-RFa), which shows high homology to PrRP and stimulates PRL secretion in teleost fish. Therefore, C-RFa has been recognized as fish PrRP. However, recent work has revealed that PrRP and C-RFa in non-mammalian vertebrates are encoded by separate genes originated through duplication of an ancestral gene. Indeed, both PrRP and C-RFa are suggested to exist in teleost, amphibian, reptile, and avian species. Therefore, we propose that non-mammalian PrRP (C-RFa) be renamed PrRP2. Despite a common evolutionary origin, PrRP2 appears to be a physiological regulator of PRL, whereas this is not a consistent role for PrRP itself. Further work revealed that the biological functions of PrRP and PrRP2 are not limited solely to PRL release, because they are also neuromodulators of several hypothalamus–pituitary axes and are involved in some brain circuits related to the regulation of food intake, stress, and cardiovascular functions. However, these actions appear to be different among vertebrates. For example, central injection of PrRP inhibits feeding behavior in rodents and teleosts, while it stimulates it in chicks. Therefore, both PrRP and PrRP2 have acquired diverse actions through evolution. In this review, we integrate the burgeoning information of structures, expression profiles, and multiple biological actions of PrRP in higher vertebrates, as well as those of PrRP2 in non-mammals.
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spelling pubmed-42261562014-11-25 Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene Tachibana, Tetsuya Sakamoto, Tatsuya Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) Endocrinology Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is one of the RF-amide peptides and was originally identified in the bovine hypothalamus as a stimulator of prolactin (PRL) release. Independently, another RF-amide peptide was found in Japanese crucian carp and named Carassius-RFa (C-RFa), which shows high homology to PrRP and stimulates PRL secretion in teleost fish. Therefore, C-RFa has been recognized as fish PrRP. However, recent work has revealed that PrRP and C-RFa in non-mammalian vertebrates are encoded by separate genes originated through duplication of an ancestral gene. Indeed, both PrRP and C-RFa are suggested to exist in teleost, amphibian, reptile, and avian species. Therefore, we propose that non-mammalian PrRP (C-RFa) be renamed PrRP2. Despite a common evolutionary origin, PrRP2 appears to be a physiological regulator of PRL, whereas this is not a consistent role for PrRP itself. Further work revealed that the biological functions of PrRP and PrRP2 are not limited solely to PRL release, because they are also neuromodulators of several hypothalamus–pituitary axes and are involved in some brain circuits related to the regulation of food intake, stress, and cardiovascular functions. However, these actions appear to be different among vertebrates. For example, central injection of PrRP inhibits feeding behavior in rodents and teleosts, while it stimulates it in chicks. Therefore, both PrRP and PrRP2 have acquired diverse actions through evolution. In this review, we integrate the burgeoning information of structures, expression profiles, and multiple biological actions of PrRP in higher vertebrates, as well as those of PrRP2 in non-mammals. Frontiers Media S.A. 2014-11-10 /pmc/articles/PMC4226156/ /pubmed/25426099 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00170 Text en Copyright © 2014 Tachibana and Sakamoto. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Endocrinology
Tachibana, Tetsuya
Sakamoto, Tatsuya
Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title_full Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title_fullStr Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title_full_unstemmed Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title_short Functions of Two Distinct “Prolactin-Releasing Peptides” Evolved from a Common Ancestral Gene
title_sort functions of two distinct “prolactin-releasing peptides” evolved from a common ancestral gene
topic Endocrinology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4226156/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25426099
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00170
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