Water influx into cerebrospinal fluid is primarily controlled by aquaporin-4, not by aquaporin-1: (17)O JJVCPE MRI study in knockout mice

Recent studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis emphasize the importance of water flux through the pericapillary (Virchow–Robin) space for both CSF production and reabsorption (Oreskovic and Klarica hypothesis), and challenge the classic CSF circulation theory, which proposes that CSF is primarily produced by the choroid plexus and reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi. Active suppression of aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) expression within brain capillaries and preservation of AQP-1 within the choroid plexus together with pericapillary water regulation by AQP-4 provide a unique opportunity for testing this recent hypothesis. We investigated water flux into three representative regions of the brain, namely, the cortex, basal ganglia, and third ventricle using a newly developed water molecular MRI technique based on JJ vicinal coupling between (17)O and adjacent protons and water molecule proton exchanges (JJVCPE imaging) in AQP-1 and AQP-4 knockout mice in vivo. The results clearly indicate that water influx into the CSF is regulated by AQP-4, and not by AQP-1, strongly supporting the Oreskovic and Klarica hypothesis.