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Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden
BACKGROUND: In Sweden, self-reported depressive symptoms have increased among young people of both genders, but little is known about social differences in the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents in welfare states, where such differences can be less pronounced. Therefore, the aim was to in...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243322/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25384415 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0 |
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author | Wirback, Therese Möller, Jette Larsson, Jan-Olov Galanti, Maria Rosaria Engström, Karin |
author_facet | Wirback, Therese Möller, Jette Larsson, Jan-Olov Galanti, Maria Rosaria Engström, Karin |
author_sort | Wirback, Therese |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: In Sweden, self-reported depressive symptoms have increased among young people of both genders, but little is known about social differences in the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents in welfare states, where such differences can be less pronounced. Therefore, the aim was to investigate whether multiple measures of low social status in childhood affect depressive symptoms in adolescence. A secondary aim was to explore potential gender effect modification. METHODS: Participants were recruited in 1998 for a longitudinal study named BROMS. The study population at baseline consisted of 3020 children, 11–12 years-old, from 118 schools in Stockholm County, followed up through adolescence. This study is based on 1880 adolescents answering the follow-up survey in 2004, at age 17–18 (62% of the initial cohort). Parental education, occupation, country of birth, employment status and living arrangements were reported at baseline, by parents and adolescents. Depressive symptoms were self-reported by the adolescents in 2004, using a 12-item inventory. The associations between childhood social status and depressive symptoms in adolescence are presented as Odds Ratios (OR), estimated through logistic regression. Gender interaction with social factors was estimated through Synergy Index (SI). RESULTS: Increased risk of depressive symptoms was found among adolescents whose parents had low education (OR 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.1), were unskilled workers (OR 2.1, CI = 1.2-3.7), intermediate non-manual workers (OR 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.0), or self-employed (OR 2.2, CI = 1.2-3.7), compared to parents with high education and high non-manual work. In addition, adolescents living exclusively with one adult had an increased risk compared to those living with two (OR 2.8, CI = 1.1-7.5), while having foreign-born parents was not associated with depressive symptoms. An interaction effect was seen between gender and social factors, with an increased risk for girls of low-educated parents (SI = 3.4, CI = 1.3-8.9) or living exclusively with one adult (SI = 4.9, CI = 1.4-6.8). CONCLUSIONS: The low social position in childhood may increase the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents even in countries with small social differences and a highly developed welfare system, such as Sweden. Girls with low educated parents or living exclusively with one adult may be particularly vulnerable. This knowledge is of importance when planning preventive interventions or treatment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4243322 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42433222014-11-26 Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden Wirback, Therese Möller, Jette Larsson, Jan-Olov Galanti, Maria Rosaria Engström, Karin Int J Equity Health Research BACKGROUND: In Sweden, self-reported depressive symptoms have increased among young people of both genders, but little is known about social differences in the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents in welfare states, where such differences can be less pronounced. Therefore, the aim was to investigate whether multiple measures of low social status in childhood affect depressive symptoms in adolescence. A secondary aim was to explore potential gender effect modification. METHODS: Participants were recruited in 1998 for a longitudinal study named BROMS. The study population at baseline consisted of 3020 children, 11–12 years-old, from 118 schools in Stockholm County, followed up through adolescence. This study is based on 1880 adolescents answering the follow-up survey in 2004, at age 17–18 (62% of the initial cohort). Parental education, occupation, country of birth, employment status and living arrangements were reported at baseline, by parents and adolescents. Depressive symptoms were self-reported by the adolescents in 2004, using a 12-item inventory. The associations between childhood social status and depressive symptoms in adolescence are presented as Odds Ratios (OR), estimated through logistic regression. Gender interaction with social factors was estimated through Synergy Index (SI). RESULTS: Increased risk of depressive symptoms was found among adolescents whose parents had low education (OR 1.8, CI = 1.1-3.1), were unskilled workers (OR 2.1, CI = 1.2-3.7), intermediate non-manual workers (OR 1.8, CI = 1.0-3.0), or self-employed (OR 2.2, CI = 1.2-3.7), compared to parents with high education and high non-manual work. In addition, adolescents living exclusively with one adult had an increased risk compared to those living with two (OR 2.8, CI = 1.1-7.5), while having foreign-born parents was not associated with depressive symptoms. An interaction effect was seen between gender and social factors, with an increased risk for girls of low-educated parents (SI = 3.4, CI = 1.3-8.9) or living exclusively with one adult (SI = 4.9, CI = 1.4-6.8). CONCLUSIONS: The low social position in childhood may increase the risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents even in countries with small social differences and a highly developed welfare system, such as Sweden. Girls with low educated parents or living exclusively with one adult may be particularly vulnerable. This knowledge is of importance when planning preventive interventions or treatment. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2014-11-11 /pmc/articles/PMC4243322/ /pubmed/25384415 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0 Text en © Wirback et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Wirback, Therese Möller, Jette Larsson, Jan-Olov Galanti, Maria Rosaria Engström, Karin Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title | Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title_full | Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title_fullStr | Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title_full_unstemmed | Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title_short | Social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in Stockholm, Sweden |
title_sort | social factors in childhood and risk of depressive symptoms among adolescents – a longitudinal study in stockholm, sweden |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4243322/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25384415 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12939-014-0096-0 |
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