Cargando…
Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran
BACKGROUND: Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran. METHODS: Over M...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
BioMed Central
2014
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245762/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25431657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40201-014-0136-0 |
_version_ | 1782346418197889024 |
---|---|
author | Maleki, Afshin Amini, Hassan Nazmara, Shahrokh Zandi, Shiva Mahvi, Amir Hossein |
author_facet | Maleki, Afshin Amini, Hassan Nazmara, Shahrokh Zandi, Shiva Mahvi, Amir Hossein |
author_sort | Maleki, Afshin |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran. METHODS: Over May to October 2012, six farms were selected to analyze concentrations and spatial patterns of several heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in their soil, irrigation water, and edible vegetables. Overall, 36 samples of soil and water and 72 samples of vegetables including coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), radish (Raphanus sativus) root and radish leaf were collected. The concentrations of metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The spatial surfaces of heavy metals were created using geospatial information system. RESULTS: The order of metals in soil was Al > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd while in water it was Cr > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Al = As = Cd. The order of heavy metals in vegetables was Al > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Totally, the minimum concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in radish root while the maximum of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni were found in radish leaf. The minimum concentrations of Cd and Cr and maximum concentrations of Cu and Zn were also deciphered in dill. Noteworthy, coriander had the minimum concentrations of Co and Ni. The concentrations of Cr and Pb in vegetables were more than maximum allowable limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). CONCLUSION: In summary, albeit the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and water samples were below FAO and the WHO standards, vegetables were contaminated by chromium and lead. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4245762 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | BioMed Central |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42457622014-11-28 Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran Maleki, Afshin Amini, Hassan Nazmara, Shahrokh Zandi, Shiva Mahvi, Amir Hossein J Environ Health Sci Eng Research Article BACKGROUND: Heavy metals are ubiquitous elsewhere in nature and their measurement in environment is necessary to develop health management strategies. In this study, we aimed to find out concentrations and spatial patterns of heavy metals in main farms of Sanandaj in Kurdistan, Iran. METHODS: Over May to October 2012, six farms were selected to analyze concentrations and spatial patterns of several heavy metals, namely aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in their soil, irrigation water, and edible vegetables. Overall, 36 samples of soil and water and 72 samples of vegetables including coriander (Coriandrum sativum), dill (Anethum graveolens), radish (Raphanus sativus) root and radish leaf were collected. The concentrations of metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The spatial surfaces of heavy metals were created using geospatial information system. RESULTS: The order of metals in soil was Al > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Co > As > Cd while in water it was Cr > Co > Zn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Al = As = Cd. The order of heavy metals in vegetables was Al > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > As > Cd. Totally, the minimum concentrations of Al, Cu, Pb, and Zn were found in radish root while the maximum of Al, Co, Cr, and Ni were found in radish leaf. The minimum concentrations of Cd and Cr and maximum concentrations of Cu and Zn were also deciphered in dill. Noteworthy, coriander had the minimum concentrations of Co and Ni. The concentrations of Cr and Pb in vegetables were more than maximum allowable limits of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO). CONCLUSION: In summary, albeit the concentrations of heavy metals in soil and water samples were below FAO and the WHO standards, vegetables were contaminated by chromium and lead. BioMed Central 2014-11-14 /pmc/articles/PMC4245762/ /pubmed/25431657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40201-014-0136-0 Text en © Maleki et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Maleki, Afshin Amini, Hassan Nazmara, Shahrokh Zandi, Shiva Mahvi, Amir Hossein Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title | Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title_full | Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title_fullStr | Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title_full_unstemmed | Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title_short | Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran |
title_sort | spatial distribution of heavy metals in soil, water, and vegetables of farms in sanandaj, kurdistan, iran |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245762/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25431657 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40201-014-0136-0 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT malekiafshin spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsoilwaterandvegetablesoffarmsinsanandajkurdistaniran AT aminihassan spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsoilwaterandvegetablesoffarmsinsanandajkurdistaniran AT nazmarashahrokh spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsoilwaterandvegetablesoffarmsinsanandajkurdistaniran AT zandishiva spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsoilwaterandvegetablesoffarmsinsanandajkurdistaniran AT mahviamirhossein spatialdistributionofheavymetalsinsoilwaterandvegetablesoffarmsinsanandajkurdistaniran |