Tomato Male sterile 10(35) is essential for pollen development and meiosis in anthers

Male fertility in flowering plants depends on proper cellular differentiation in anthers. Meiosis and tapetum development are particularly important processes in pollen production. In this study, we showed that the tomato male sterile (ms10 (35)) mutant of cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) exhibited dysfunctional meiosis and an abnormal tapetum during anther development, resulting in no pollen production. We demonstrated that Ms10 (35) encodes a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that is specifically expressed in meiocyte and tapetal tissue from pre-meiotic to tetrad stages. Transgenic expression of the Ms10 (35) gene from its native promoter complemented the male sterility of the ms10 (35) mutant. In addition, RNA-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis revealed that Ms10 (35) regulates 246 genes involved in anther development processes such as meiosis, tapetum development, cell-wall degradation, pollen wall formation, transport, and lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that Ms10 (35) plays key roles in regulating both meiosis and programmed cell death of the tapetum during microsporogenesis.