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Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response

Endogenous retroviruses are relics of ancient infections from retroviruses that managed to integrate into the genome of germline cells and remained vertically transmitted from parent to progeny. Subsequent to the endogenization process, these sequences can move and multiply in the host genome, which...

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Autor principal: Fablet, Marie
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246233/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412365
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6114447
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author Fablet, Marie
author_facet Fablet, Marie
author_sort Fablet, Marie
collection PubMed
description Endogenous retroviruses are relics of ancient infections from retroviruses that managed to integrate into the genome of germline cells and remained vertically transmitted from parent to progeny. Subsequent to the endogenization process, these sequences can move and multiply in the host genome, which can have deleterious consequences and disturb genomic stability. Natural selection favored the establishment of silencing pathways that protect host genomes from the activity of endogenous retroviruses. RNA silencing mechanisms are involved, which utilize piRNAs. The response to exogenous viral infections uses siRNAs, a class of small RNAs that are generated via a distinct biogenesis pathway from piRNAs. However, interplay between both pathways has been identified, and interactions with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal immune responses are also suspected. This review focuses on Diptera (Arthropods) and intends to compile pieces of evidence showing that the RNA silencing pathway of endogenous retrovirus regulation is not independent from immunity and the response to infections. This review will consider the mechanisms that allow the lasting coexistence of viral sequences and host genomes from an evolutionary perspective.
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spelling pubmed-42462332014-12-01 Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response Fablet, Marie Viruses Review Endogenous retroviruses are relics of ancient infections from retroviruses that managed to integrate into the genome of germline cells and remained vertically transmitted from parent to progeny. Subsequent to the endogenization process, these sequences can move and multiply in the host genome, which can have deleterious consequences and disturb genomic stability. Natural selection favored the establishment of silencing pathways that protect host genomes from the activity of endogenous retroviruses. RNA silencing mechanisms are involved, which utilize piRNAs. The response to exogenous viral infections uses siRNAs, a class of small RNAs that are generated via a distinct biogenesis pathway from piRNAs. However, interplay between both pathways has been identified, and interactions with anti-bacterial and anti-fungal immune responses are also suspected. This review focuses on Diptera (Arthropods) and intends to compile pieces of evidence showing that the RNA silencing pathway of endogenous retrovirus regulation is not independent from immunity and the response to infections. This review will consider the mechanisms that allow the lasting coexistence of viral sequences and host genomes from an evolutionary perspective. MDPI 2014-11-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4246233/ /pubmed/25412365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6114447 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Fablet, Marie
Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title_full Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title_fullStr Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title_full_unstemmed Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title_short Host Control of Insect Endogenous Retroviruses: Small RNA Silencing and Immune Response
title_sort host control of insect endogenous retroviruses: small rna silencing and immune response
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246233/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25412365
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v6114447
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