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Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The African Field Epidemiology Network
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247891/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25469202 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288 |
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author | Muti, Monica Gombe, Notion Tshimanga, Mufuta Takundwa, Lucia Bangure, Donewell Mungofa, Stanley Chonzi, Prosper |
author_facet | Muti, Monica Gombe, Notion Tshimanga, Mufuta Takundwa, Lucia Bangure, Donewell Mungofa, Stanley Chonzi, Prosper |
author_sort | Muti, Monica |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute control measures. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case-control study was conducted. A questionnaire was administered to study participants to identify risk factors for contracting typhoid. A case was a resident of Dzivaresekwa who presented with signs and symptoms of typhoid between October and December 2011. Water samples were collected for microbiological analysis. RESULTS: 115 cases and 115 controls were enrolled. Drinking water from a well (OR= 6.2 95% CI (2.01-18.7)), attending a gathering (OR= 11.3 95% CI (4.3-29.95)), boiling drinking water (OR= 0.21 95% CI (0.06-0.76)) and burst sewer pipe at home (OR= 1.19 95% CI (0.67-2.14)) were factors associated with contracting typhoid. Independent risk factors for contracting typhoid were drinking water from a well (AOR = 5.8; 95% CI (1.90-17.78)), and burst sewer pipe at home (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI (1.10-2.19)). Faecal coli forms and E. coli were isolated from 8/8 well water samples. Stool, urine and blood specimens were cultured and serotyped for Salmonella typhi and 24 cases were confirmed positive. Shigella, Giardia and E coli were also isolated. Ciprofloxacin, X-pen and Rocephin were used for case management. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Contaminated water from unprotected water sources was the probable source of the outbreak. Harare City Engineer must invest in repairing water and sewage reticulation systems in the city. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4247891 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | The African Field Epidemiology Network |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42478912014-12-02 Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 Muti, Monica Gombe, Notion Tshimanga, Mufuta Takundwa, Lucia Bangure, Donewell Mungofa, Stanley Chonzi, Prosper Pan Afr Med J Research INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute control measures. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case-control study was conducted. A questionnaire was administered to study participants to identify risk factors for contracting typhoid. A case was a resident of Dzivaresekwa who presented with signs and symptoms of typhoid between October and December 2011. Water samples were collected for microbiological analysis. RESULTS: 115 cases and 115 controls were enrolled. Drinking water from a well (OR= 6.2 95% CI (2.01-18.7)), attending a gathering (OR= 11.3 95% CI (4.3-29.95)), boiling drinking water (OR= 0.21 95% CI (0.06-0.76)) and burst sewer pipe at home (OR= 1.19 95% CI (0.67-2.14)) were factors associated with contracting typhoid. Independent risk factors for contracting typhoid were drinking water from a well (AOR = 5.8; 95% CI (1.90-17.78)), and burst sewer pipe at home (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI (1.10-2.19)). Faecal coli forms and E. coli were isolated from 8/8 well water samples. Stool, urine and blood specimens were cultured and serotyped for Salmonella typhi and 24 cases were confirmed positive. Shigella, Giardia and E coli were also isolated. Ciprofloxacin, X-pen and Rocephin were used for case management. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Contaminated water from unprotected water sources was the probable source of the outbreak. Harare City Engineer must invest in repairing water and sewage reticulation systems in the city. The African Field Epidemiology Network 2014-08-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4247891/ /pubmed/25469202 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288 Text en © Donewell Bangure et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Muti, Monica Gombe, Notion Tshimanga, Mufuta Takundwa, Lucia Bangure, Donewell Mungofa, Stanley Chonzi, Prosper Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title | Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title_full | Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title_fullStr | Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title_full_unstemmed | Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title_short | Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 |
title_sort | typhoid outbreak investigation in dzivaresekwa, suburb of harare city, zimbabwe, 2011 |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247891/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25469202 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288 |
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