Cargando…

Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011

INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: Muti, Monica, Gombe, Notion, Tshimanga, Mufuta, Takundwa, Lucia, Bangure, Donewell, Mungofa, Stanley, Chonzi, Prosper
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: The African Field Epidemiology Network 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247891/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25469202
http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288
_version_ 1782346717187801088
author Muti, Monica
Gombe, Notion
Tshimanga, Mufuta
Takundwa, Lucia
Bangure, Donewell
Mungofa, Stanley
Chonzi, Prosper
author_facet Muti, Monica
Gombe, Notion
Tshimanga, Mufuta
Takundwa, Lucia
Bangure, Donewell
Mungofa, Stanley
Chonzi, Prosper
author_sort Muti, Monica
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute control measures. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case-control study was conducted. A questionnaire was administered to study participants to identify risk factors for contracting typhoid. A case was a resident of Dzivaresekwa who presented with signs and symptoms of typhoid between October and December 2011. Water samples were collected for microbiological analysis. RESULTS: 115 cases and 115 controls were enrolled. Drinking water from a well (OR= 6.2 95% CI (2.01-18.7)), attending a gathering (OR= 11.3 95% CI (4.3-29.95)), boiling drinking water (OR= 0.21 95% CI (0.06-0.76)) and burst sewer pipe at home (OR= 1.19 95% CI (0.67-2.14)) were factors associated with contracting typhoid. Independent risk factors for contracting typhoid were drinking water from a well (AOR = 5.8; 95% CI (1.90-17.78)), and burst sewer pipe at home (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI (1.10-2.19)). Faecal coli forms and E. coli were isolated from 8/8 well water samples. Stool, urine and blood specimens were cultured and serotyped for Salmonella typhi and 24 cases were confirmed positive. Shigella, Giardia and E coli were also isolated. Ciprofloxacin, X-pen and Rocephin were used for case management. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Contaminated water from unprotected water sources was the probable source of the outbreak. Harare City Engineer must invest in repairing water and sewage reticulation systems in the city.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-4247891
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2014
publisher The African Field Epidemiology Network
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-42478912014-12-02 Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011 Muti, Monica Gombe, Notion Tshimanga, Mufuta Takundwa, Lucia Bangure, Donewell Mungofa, Stanley Chonzi, Prosper Pan Afr Med J Research INTRODUCTION: Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Salmonella typhi. Harare City reported 1078 cases of suspected typhoid fever cases from October 2011 to January 2012. We initiated an investigation to identify possible source of transmission so as to institute control measures. METHODS: An unmatched 1:1 case-control study was conducted. A questionnaire was administered to study participants to identify risk factors for contracting typhoid. A case was a resident of Dzivaresekwa who presented with signs and symptoms of typhoid between October and December 2011. Water samples were collected for microbiological analysis. RESULTS: 115 cases and 115 controls were enrolled. Drinking water from a well (OR= 6.2 95% CI (2.01-18.7)), attending a gathering (OR= 11.3 95% CI (4.3-29.95)), boiling drinking water (OR= 0.21 95% CI (0.06-0.76)) and burst sewer pipe at home (OR= 1.19 95% CI (0.67-2.14)) were factors associated with contracting typhoid. Independent risk factors for contracting typhoid were drinking water from a well (AOR = 5.8; 95% CI (1.90-17.78)), and burst sewer pipe at home (AOR = 1.20; 95% CI (1.10-2.19)). Faecal coli forms and E. coli were isolated from 8/8 well water samples. Stool, urine and blood specimens were cultured and serotyped for Salmonella typhi and 24 cases were confirmed positive. Shigella, Giardia and E coli were also isolated. Ciprofloxacin, X-pen and Rocephin were used for case management. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Contaminated water from unprotected water sources was the probable source of the outbreak. Harare City Engineer must invest in repairing water and sewage reticulation systems in the city. The African Field Epidemiology Network 2014-08-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4247891/ /pubmed/25469202 http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288 Text en © Donewell Bangure et al. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/ The Pan African Medical Journal - ISSN 1937-8688. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research
Muti, Monica
Gombe, Notion
Tshimanga, Mufuta
Takundwa, Lucia
Bangure, Donewell
Mungofa, Stanley
Chonzi, Prosper
Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title_full Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title_fullStr Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title_full_unstemmed Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title_short Typhoid outbreak investigation in Dzivaresekwa, suburb of Harare City, Zimbabwe, 2011
title_sort typhoid outbreak investigation in dzivaresekwa, suburb of harare city, zimbabwe, 2011
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247891/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25469202
http://dx.doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.18.309.4288
work_keys_str_mv AT mutimonica typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT gombenotion typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT tshimangamufuta typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT takundwalucia typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT banguredonewell typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT mungofastanley typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011
AT chonziprosper typhoidoutbreakinvestigationindzivaresekwasuburbofhararecityzimbabwe2011