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Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study
Background: Incense burning is common in many parts of the world. Although it is perceived that particulate matter from incense smoke is deleterious to health, there is no epidemiologic evidence linking domestic exposure to cardiovascular mortality. Objective: We examined the association between exp...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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NLM-Export
2014
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4256695/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25127437 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307662 |
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author | Pan, An Clark, Maggie L. Ang, Li-Wei Yu, Mimi C. Yuan, Jian-Min Koh, Woon-Puay |
author_facet | Pan, An Clark, Maggie L. Ang, Li-Wei Yu, Mimi C. Yuan, Jian-Min Koh, Woon-Puay |
author_sort | Pan, An |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: Incense burning is common in many parts of the world. Although it is perceived that particulate matter from incense smoke is deleterious to health, there is no epidemiologic evidence linking domestic exposure to cardiovascular mortality. Objective: We examined the association between exposure to incense burning and cardiovascular mortality in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Methods: We enrolled a total of 63,257 Singapore Chinese 45–74 years of age during 1993–1998. All participants were interviewed in person to collect information about lifestyle behaviors, including the practice of burning incense at home. We identified cardiovascular deaths via record linkage with the nationwide death registry through 31 December 2011. Results: In this cohort, 76.9% were current incense users, and most of the current users (89.9%) had burned incense daily for ≥ 20 years. Relative to noncurrent users, current users had a 12% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.20]. The HR was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.37) for mortality due to stroke and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) for mortality due to coronary heart disease. The association between current incense use and cardiovascular mortality appeared to be limited to participants without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26) but not linked to those with a history (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.17). In addition, the association was stronger in never-smokers (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.23) and former smokers (HR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.42) than in current smokers (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.22). Conclusions: Long-term exposure to incense burning in the home environment was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in the study population. Citation: Pan A, Clark ML, Ang LW, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Koh WP. 2014. Incense use and cardiovascular mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 122:1279–1284; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307662 |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4256695 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | NLM-Export |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42566952014-12-18 Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study Pan, An Clark, Maggie L. Ang, Li-Wei Yu, Mimi C. Yuan, Jian-Min Koh, Woon-Puay Environ Health Perspect Research Background: Incense burning is common in many parts of the world. Although it is perceived that particulate matter from incense smoke is deleterious to health, there is no epidemiologic evidence linking domestic exposure to cardiovascular mortality. Objective: We examined the association between exposure to incense burning and cardiovascular mortality in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Methods: We enrolled a total of 63,257 Singapore Chinese 45–74 years of age during 1993–1998. All participants were interviewed in person to collect information about lifestyle behaviors, including the practice of burning incense at home. We identified cardiovascular deaths via record linkage with the nationwide death registry through 31 December 2011. Results: In this cohort, 76.9% were current incense users, and most of the current users (89.9%) had burned incense daily for ≥ 20 years. Relative to noncurrent users, current users had a 12% higher risk of cardiovascular mortality [multivariable adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.20]. The HR was 1.19 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.37) for mortality due to stroke and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.21) for mortality due to coronary heart disease. The association between current incense use and cardiovascular mortality appeared to be limited to participants without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.26) but not linked to those with a history (HR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.86, 1.17). In addition, the association was stronger in never-smokers (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.23) and former smokers (HR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.42) than in current smokers (HR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.22). Conclusions: Long-term exposure to incense burning in the home environment was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in the study population. Citation: Pan A, Clark ML, Ang LW, Yu MC, Yuan JM, Koh WP. 2014. Incense use and cardiovascular mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study. Environ Health Perspect 122:1279–1284; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307662 NLM-Export 2014-08-15 2014-12 /pmc/articles/PMC4256695/ /pubmed/25127437 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307662 Text en http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/mark/1.0/ Publication of EHP lies in the public domain and is therefore without copyright. All text from EHP may be reprinted freely. Use of materials published in EHP should be acknowledged (for example, “Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health Perspectives”); pertinent reference information should be provided for the article from which the material was reproduced. Articles from EHP, especially the News section, may contain photographs or illustrations copyrighted by other commercial organizations or individuals that may not be used without obtaining prior approval from the holder of the copyright. |
spellingShingle | Research Pan, An Clark, Maggie L. Ang, Li-Wei Yu, Mimi C. Yuan, Jian-Min Koh, Woon-Puay Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title | Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title_full | Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title_fullStr | Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title_full_unstemmed | Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title_short | Incense Use and Cardiovascular Mortality among Chinese in Singapore: The Singapore Chinese Health Study |
title_sort | incense use and cardiovascular mortality among chinese in singapore: the singapore chinese health study |
topic | Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4256695/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25127437 http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307662 |
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