A load driver device for engineering modularity in biological networks

The behavior of gene modules in complex synthetic circuits is often unpredictable(1–4). Upon joining modules to create a circuit, downstream elements (such as binding sites for a regulatory protein) apply a load to upstream modules that can negatively affect circuit function(1,5). Here we devise a genetic device named a load driver that mitigates the impact of load on circuit function, and we demonstrate its behavior in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The load driver implements the design principle of time scale separation: inclusion of the load driver’s fast phosphotransfer processes restores the capability of a slower transcriptional circuit to respond to time-varying input signals even in the presence of substantial load. Without the load driver, we observe circuit behavior that suffers from 76% delay in response time and a 25% decrease in system bandwidth due to load. With the addition of a load driver, circuit performance is almost completely restored. Load drivers will serve as fundamental building blocks in the creation of complex, higher level genetic circuits.