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Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran
BACKGROUND: Opium dependence is one of the most challenging health problems in the developing countries as well as Iran. Among several health problems due to opium dependence, there are limited reports indicating the presence of lead in opium. The aim of this study is to investigate the blood lead l...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd
2014
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274569/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25538776 |
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author | Domeneh, Behrooz Hashemi Tavakoli, Nader Jafari, Najmeh |
author_facet | Domeneh, Behrooz Hashemi Tavakoli, Nader Jafari, Najmeh |
author_sort | Domeneh, Behrooz Hashemi |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Opium dependence is one of the most challenging health problems in the developing countries as well as Iran. Among several health problems due to opium dependence, there are limited reports indicating the presence of lead in opium. The aim of this study is to investigate the blood lead level (BLL) in oral and inhalational opium dependents and its association with anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done among 86 opium dependent patients who were referred to five large detoxification centers in Tehran city and 48 healthy individuals. BLL was assessed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. Multivariate analysis of variance and binary logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical assessment using SPSS version 18 for Windows. RESULTS: The highest BLL was detected in oral opium dependent group (mean = 11.75, standard deviation (SD) = 6.06) in comparison to inhalational opium dependent group (mean = 7.07, SD = 3.61) and healthy control group (mean = 6.05, SD = 1.83). Anemia was detected in 38% of oral-opium dependent and 43% of inhalational-opium dependent group. Age (odds ratio (OR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.09) and opium dependence (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.69-7.59) were significant predictors of anemia in these patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirmed the higher BLL in opium dependents, especially with an oral form of consumption. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4274569 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42745692014-12-23 Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran Domeneh, Behrooz Hashemi Tavakoli, Nader Jafari, Najmeh J Res Med Sci Original Article BACKGROUND: Opium dependence is one of the most challenging health problems in the developing countries as well as Iran. Among several health problems due to opium dependence, there are limited reports indicating the presence of lead in opium. The aim of this study is to investigate the blood lead level (BLL) in oral and inhalational opium dependents and its association with anemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done among 86 opium dependent patients who were referred to five large detoxification centers in Tehran city and 48 healthy individuals. BLL was assessed using the atomic absorption spectrometry technique. Multivariate analysis of variance and binary logistic regression analysis were performed for statistical assessment using SPSS version 18 for Windows. RESULTS: The highest BLL was detected in oral opium dependent group (mean = 11.75, standard deviation (SD) = 6.06) in comparison to inhalational opium dependent group (mean = 7.07, SD = 3.61) and healthy control group (mean = 6.05, SD = 1.83). Anemia was detected in 38% of oral-opium dependent and 43% of inhalational-opium dependent group. Age (odds ratio (OR): 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.09) and opium dependence (OR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.69-7.59) were significant predictors of anemia in these patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirmed the higher BLL in opium dependents, especially with an oral form of consumption. Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd 2014-10 /pmc/articles/PMC4274569/ /pubmed/25538776 Text en Copyright: © Journal of Research in Medical Sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0 This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Article Domeneh, Behrooz Hashemi Tavakoli, Nader Jafari, Najmeh Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title | Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title_full | Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title_fullStr | Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title_full_unstemmed | Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title_short | Blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: A cross-sectional study from the capital of Iran |
title_sort | blood lead level in opium dependents and its association with anemia: a cross-sectional study from the capital of iran |
topic | Original Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274569/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25538776 |
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