Cargando…
Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate
Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of iontophoresis, soluble microneedles and their combination for the transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate. Methods: In vitro permeation was tested using full thickness porcine ear skin mounted onto Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoresis...
Autores principales: | , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2014
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4279139/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533309 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics6040663 |
_version_ | 1782350630286786560 |
---|---|
author | Gujjar, Meera Banga, Ajay K. |
author_facet | Gujjar, Meera Banga, Ajay K. |
author_sort | Gujjar, Meera |
collection | PubMed |
description | Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of iontophoresis, soluble microneedles and their combination for the transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate. Methods: In vitro permeation was tested using full thickness porcine ear skin mounted onto Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm(2)) was done for 4 h using Ag/AgCl electrodes. For microneedles, three line array (27 needles/line) of maltose microneedles were used to microporate the skin prior to mounting. Pore uniformity was determined by taking fluorescent images of distribution of calcein into pores and processing the images using an image analysis tool, which measured the fluorescent intensity in and around each pore to provide a pore permeability index (PPI). The donor chamber contained 500 µL of a 1 mg/mL solution of glycopyrrolate, and the receptor chamber contained 5 mL of 50 mM NaCl in deionized water. Samples were collected at predetermined time points over a period of 24 h and analyzed by HPLC. Skin irritation testing was performed with a 3D cell culture kit of human skin. MTT assay determined cell viability; viability less than 50% was considered irritant. Results: A control experiment which investigated passive permeation of glycopyrrolate delivered an average cumulative amount of 24.92 ± 1.77 µg/cm(2) at 24 h, while microneedle pretreatment increased permeability to 46.54 ± 6.9 µg/cm(2). Both iontophoresis (158.53 ± 17.50 µg/cm(2)) and a combination of iontophoresis and microneedles (182.43 ± 20.06 µg/ cm(2)) significantly increased delivery compared to passive and microneedles alone. Glycopyrrolate solution was found to be nonirritant with cell viability of 70.4% ± 5.03%. Conclusion: Iontophoresis and a combination of iontophoresis with microneedle pretreatment can be effectively used to enhance the transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate was found to be non-irritant to skin. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4279139 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42791392015-01-15 Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate Gujjar, Meera Banga, Ajay K. Pharmaceutics Article Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of iontophoresis, soluble microneedles and their combination for the transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate. Methods: In vitro permeation was tested using full thickness porcine ear skin mounted onto Franz diffusion cells. Iontophoresis (0.5 mA/cm(2)) was done for 4 h using Ag/AgCl electrodes. For microneedles, three line array (27 needles/line) of maltose microneedles were used to microporate the skin prior to mounting. Pore uniformity was determined by taking fluorescent images of distribution of calcein into pores and processing the images using an image analysis tool, which measured the fluorescent intensity in and around each pore to provide a pore permeability index (PPI). The donor chamber contained 500 µL of a 1 mg/mL solution of glycopyrrolate, and the receptor chamber contained 5 mL of 50 mM NaCl in deionized water. Samples were collected at predetermined time points over a period of 24 h and analyzed by HPLC. Skin irritation testing was performed with a 3D cell culture kit of human skin. MTT assay determined cell viability; viability less than 50% was considered irritant. Results: A control experiment which investigated passive permeation of glycopyrrolate delivered an average cumulative amount of 24.92 ± 1.77 µg/cm(2) at 24 h, while microneedle pretreatment increased permeability to 46.54 ± 6.9 µg/cm(2). Both iontophoresis (158.53 ± 17.50 µg/cm(2)) and a combination of iontophoresis and microneedles (182.43 ± 20.06 µg/ cm(2)) significantly increased delivery compared to passive and microneedles alone. Glycopyrrolate solution was found to be nonirritant with cell viability of 70.4% ± 5.03%. Conclusion: Iontophoresis and a combination of iontophoresis with microneedle pretreatment can be effectively used to enhance the transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate. Glycopyrrolate was found to be non-irritant to skin. MDPI 2014-12-22 /pmc/articles/PMC4279139/ /pubmed/25533309 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics6040663 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Gujjar, Meera Banga, Ajay K. Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title | Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title_full | Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title_fullStr | Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title_full_unstemmed | Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title_short | Iontophoretic and Microneedle Mediated Transdermal Delivery of Glycopyrrolate |
title_sort | iontophoretic and microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of glycopyrrolate |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4279139/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533309 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics6040663 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT gujjarmeera iontophoreticandmicroneedlemediatedtransdermaldeliveryofglycopyrrolate AT bangaajayk iontophoreticandmicroneedlemediatedtransdermaldeliveryofglycopyrrolate |