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How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings
In determining the prime cause of a physical event, people often weight one of two entities in a symmetric physical relation as more important for bringing about the causal effect than the other. In a broad survey (Bender and Beller, 2011), we documented such weighting effects for different kinds of...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287057/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25620937 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01497 |
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author | Beller, Sieghard Bender, Andrea |
author_facet | Beller, Sieghard Bender, Andrea |
author_sort | Beller, Sieghard |
collection | PubMed |
description | In determining the prime cause of a physical event, people often weight one of two entities in a symmetric physical relation as more important for bringing about the causal effect than the other. In a broad survey (Bender and Beller, 2011), we documented such weighting effects for different kinds of physical events and found that their direction and strength depended on a variety of factors. Here, we focus on one of those: adding a contrast situation that—while being formally irrelevant—foregrounds one of the factors and thus frames the task in a specific way. In two experiments, we generalize and validate our previous findings by using different stimulus material (in Experiment 1), by applying a different response format to elicit causal assignments, an analog rating scale instead of a forced-choice decision (in Experiment 2), and by eliciting explanations for the physical events in question (in both Experiments). The results generally confirm the contrast effects for both response formats; however, the effects were more pronounced with the force-choice format than with the rating format. People tended to refer to the given contrast in their explanations, which validates our manipulation. Finally, people’s causal assignments are reflected in the type of explanation given in that contrast and property explanations were associated with biased causal assignments, whereas relational explanations were associated with unbiased assignments. In the discussion, we pick up the normative questions of whether or not these contrast effects constitute a bias in causal reasoning. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4287057 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-42870572015-01-23 How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings Beller, Sieghard Bender, Andrea Front Psychol Psychology In determining the prime cause of a physical event, people often weight one of two entities in a symmetric physical relation as more important for bringing about the causal effect than the other. In a broad survey (Bender and Beller, 2011), we documented such weighting effects for different kinds of physical events and found that their direction and strength depended on a variety of factors. Here, we focus on one of those: adding a contrast situation that—while being formally irrelevant—foregrounds one of the factors and thus frames the task in a specific way. In two experiments, we generalize and validate our previous findings by using different stimulus material (in Experiment 1), by applying a different response format to elicit causal assignments, an analog rating scale instead of a forced-choice decision (in Experiment 2), and by eliciting explanations for the physical events in question (in both Experiments). The results generally confirm the contrast effects for both response formats; however, the effects were more pronounced with the force-choice format than with the rating format. People tended to refer to the given contrast in their explanations, which validates our manipulation. Finally, people’s causal assignments are reflected in the type of explanation given in that contrast and property explanations were associated with biased causal assignments, whereas relational explanations were associated with unbiased assignments. In the discussion, we pick up the normative questions of whether or not these contrast effects constitute a bias in causal reasoning. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-01-08 /pmc/articles/PMC4287057/ /pubmed/25620937 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01497 Text en Copyright © 2015 Beller and Bender. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Psychology Beller, Sieghard Bender, Andrea How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title | How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title_full | How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title_fullStr | How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title_full_unstemmed | How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title_short | How contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
title_sort | how contrast situations affect the assignment of causality in symmetric physical settings |
topic | Psychology |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287057/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25620937 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01497 |
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