Control of orbital reconstruction in (LaAlO(3))(M)/(SrTiO(3))(N)(001) quantum wells by strain and confinement

The diverse functionality emerging at oxide interfaces calls for a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms and control parameters of electronic reconstructions. Here, we explore the evolution of electronic phases in (LaAlO(3))(M)/(SrTiO(3))(N) (001) superlattices as a function of strain and confinement of the SrTiO(3) quantum well. Density functional theory calculations including a Hubbard U term reveal a charge ordered Ti(3+) and Ti(4+) state for N = 2 with an unanticipated orbital reconstruction, displaying alternating d(xz) and d(yz) character at the Ti(3+) sites, unlike the previously reported d(xy) state, obtained only for reduced c-parameter at a(STO). At a(LAO) c-compression leads to a Dimer-Mott insulator with alternating d(xz), d(yz) sites and an almost zero band gap. Beyond a critical thickness of N = 3 (a(STO)) and N = 4 (a(LAO)) an insulator-to-metal transition takes place, where the extra e/2 electron at the interface is redistributed throughout the STO slab with a d(xy) interface orbital occupation and a mixed d(xz) + d(yz) occupation in the inner layers. Chemical variation of the SrTiO(3) counterpart (LaAlO(3) vs. NdGaO(3)) proves that the significant octahedral tilts and distortions in the SrTiO(3) quantum well are induced primarily by the electrostatic doping at the polar interface and not by variation of the SrTiO(3) counterpart.