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Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges

With the development of communication technologies, the use of wireless systems in biomedical implanted devices has become very useful. Bio-implantable devices are electronic devices which are used for treatment and monitoring brain implants, pacemakers, cochlear implants, retinal implants and so on...

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Autores principales: Hannan, Mahammad A., Hussein, Hussein A., Mutashar, Saad, Samad, Salina A., Hussain, Aini
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4299090/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25615728
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s141223843
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author Hannan, Mahammad A.
Hussein, Hussein A.
Mutashar, Saad
Samad, Salina A.
Hussain, Aini
author_facet Hannan, Mahammad A.
Hussein, Hussein A.
Mutashar, Saad
Samad, Salina A.
Hussain, Aini
author_sort Hannan, Mahammad A.
collection PubMed
description With the development of communication technologies, the use of wireless systems in biomedical implanted devices has become very useful. Bio-implantable devices are electronic devices which are used for treatment and monitoring brain implants, pacemakers, cochlear implants, retinal implants and so on. The inductive coupling link is used to transmit power and data between the primary and secondary sides of the biomedical implanted system, in which efficient power amplifier is very much needed to ensure the best data transmission rates and low power losses. However, the efficiency of the implanted devices depends on the circuit design, controller, load variation, changes of radio frequency coil's mutual displacement and coupling coefficients. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various power amplifier classes and their characteristics, efficiency and controller techniques that have been used in bio-implants. The automatic frequency controller used in biomedical implants such as gate drive switching control, closed loop power control, voltage controlled oscillator, capacitor control and microcontroller frequency control have been explained. Most of these techniques keep the resonance frequency stable in transcutaneous power transfer between the external coil and the coil implanted inside the body. Detailed information including carrier frequency, power efficiency, coils displacement, power consumption, supplied voltage and CMOS chip for the controllers techniques are investigated and summarized in the provided tables. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing automatic frequency controller technologies are more or less can capable of performing well in the implant devices; however, the systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, current challenges and problems of the typical automatic frequency controller techniques for power amplifiers are illustrated, with a brief suggestions and discussion section concerning the progress of implanted device research in the future. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, highly efficient, high data rate and reliable automatic frequency controllers for implanted devices.
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spelling pubmed-42990902015-01-26 Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges Hannan, Mahammad A. Hussein, Hussein A. Mutashar, Saad Samad, Salina A. Hussain, Aini Sensors (Basel) Review With the development of communication technologies, the use of wireless systems in biomedical implanted devices has become very useful. Bio-implantable devices are electronic devices which are used for treatment and monitoring brain implants, pacemakers, cochlear implants, retinal implants and so on. The inductive coupling link is used to transmit power and data between the primary and secondary sides of the biomedical implanted system, in which efficient power amplifier is very much needed to ensure the best data transmission rates and low power losses. However, the efficiency of the implanted devices depends on the circuit design, controller, load variation, changes of radio frequency coil's mutual displacement and coupling coefficients. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on various power amplifier classes and their characteristics, efficiency and controller techniques that have been used in bio-implants. The automatic frequency controller used in biomedical implants such as gate drive switching control, closed loop power control, voltage controlled oscillator, capacitor control and microcontroller frequency control have been explained. Most of these techniques keep the resonance frequency stable in transcutaneous power transfer between the external coil and the coil implanted inside the body. Detailed information including carrier frequency, power efficiency, coils displacement, power consumption, supplied voltage and CMOS chip for the controllers techniques are investigated and summarized in the provided tables. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing automatic frequency controller technologies are more or less can capable of performing well in the implant devices; however, the systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, current challenges and problems of the typical automatic frequency controller techniques for power amplifiers are illustrated, with a brief suggestions and discussion section concerning the progress of implanted device research in the future. This review will hopefully lead to increasing efforts towards the development of low powered, highly efficient, high data rate and reliable automatic frequency controllers for implanted devices. MDPI 2014-12-11 /pmc/articles/PMC4299090/ /pubmed/25615728 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s141223843 Text en © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Hannan, Mahammad A.
Hussein, Hussein A.
Mutashar, Saad
Samad, Salina A.
Hussain, Aini
Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title_full Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title_fullStr Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title_full_unstemmed Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title_short Automatic Frequency Controller for Power Amplifiers Used in Bio-Implanted Applications: Issues and Challenges
title_sort automatic frequency controller for power amplifiers used in bio-implanted applications: issues and challenges
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4299090/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25615728
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s141223843
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