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Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi

Several fungi in two different families––the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae––produce different profiles of ergot alkaloids, many of which are important in agriculture and medicine. All ergot alkaloid producers share early steps before their pathways diverge to produce different end products....

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Autores principales: Robinson, Sarah L., Panaccione, Daniel G.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303823/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25609183
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7010201
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author Robinson, Sarah L.
Panaccione, Daniel G.
author_facet Robinson, Sarah L.
Panaccione, Daniel G.
author_sort Robinson, Sarah L.
collection PubMed
description Several fungi in two different families––the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae––produce different profiles of ergot alkaloids, many of which are important in agriculture and medicine. All ergot alkaloid producers share early steps before their pathways diverge to produce different end products. EasA, an oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, has alternate activities in different fungi resulting in branching of the pathway. Enzymes beyond the branch point differ among lineages. In the Clavicipitaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence and activities of lysergyl peptide synthetases, which interact to make lysergic acid amides and ergopeptines. The range of ergopeptines in a fungus may be controlled by the presence of multiple peptide synthetases as well as by the specificity of individual peptide synthetase domains. In the Trichocomaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence of the prenyl transferase encoded by easL (also called fgaPT1). Moreover, relaxed specificity of EasL appears to contribute to ergot alkaloid diversification. The profile of ergot alkaloids observed within a fungus also is affected by a delayed flux of intermediates through the pathway, which results in an accumulation of intermediates or early pathway byproducts to concentrations comparable to that of the pathway end product.
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spelling pubmed-43038232015-02-02 Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi Robinson, Sarah L. Panaccione, Daniel G. Toxins (Basel) Review Several fungi in two different families––the Clavicipitaceae and the Trichocomaceae––produce different profiles of ergot alkaloids, many of which are important in agriculture and medicine. All ergot alkaloid producers share early steps before their pathways diverge to produce different end products. EasA, an oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, has alternate activities in different fungi resulting in branching of the pathway. Enzymes beyond the branch point differ among lineages. In the Clavicipitaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence and activities of lysergyl peptide synthetases, which interact to make lysergic acid amides and ergopeptines. The range of ergopeptines in a fungus may be controlled by the presence of multiple peptide synthetases as well as by the specificity of individual peptide synthetase domains. In the Trichocomaceae, diversity is generated by the presence or absence of the prenyl transferase encoded by easL (also called fgaPT1). Moreover, relaxed specificity of EasL appears to contribute to ergot alkaloid diversification. The profile of ergot alkaloids observed within a fungus also is affected by a delayed flux of intermediates through the pathway, which results in an accumulation of intermediates or early pathway byproducts to concentrations comparable to that of the pathway end product. MDPI 2015-01-20 /pmc/articles/PMC4303823/ /pubmed/25609183 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7010201 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Robinson, Sarah L.
Panaccione, Daniel G.
Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title_full Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title_fullStr Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title_full_unstemmed Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title_short Diversification of Ergot Alkaloids in Natural and Modified Fungi
title_sort diversification of ergot alkaloids in natural and modified fungi
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303823/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25609183
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins7010201
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