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Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction
Prolonged survival in HIV infection is accompanied by an increased frequency of non-HIV-related comorbidities. It is suggested that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occur earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed wh...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4305617/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25648075 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/302638 |
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author | Zaaqoq, Akram M. Khasawneh, Faisal A. Smalligan, Roger D. |
author_facet | Zaaqoq, Akram M. Khasawneh, Faisal A. Smalligan, Roger D. |
author_sort | Zaaqoq, Akram M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Prolonged survival in HIV infection is accompanied by an increased frequency of non-HIV-related comorbidities. It is suggested that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occur earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed which can be categorized into traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Immune dysfunction is a nontraditional risk factor that contributes significantly to cardiovascular pathology. Markers of inflammation are elevated in HIV-infected patients, and elevations in markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the data currently suggest the most practical advice is to start antiretroviral therapy early and to manage traditional risk factors for CVD aggressively. A better understanding of the mechanisms of CVD in this population and further efforts to modify chronic inflammation remain an important research area. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4305617 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Hindawi Publishing Corporation |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43056172015-02-03 Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction Zaaqoq, Akram M. Khasawneh, Faisal A. Smalligan, Roger D. Cardiol Res Pract Review Article Prolonged survival in HIV infection is accompanied by an increased frequency of non-HIV-related comorbidities. It is suggested that cardiovascular diseases (CVD) occur earlier among HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients, and at a higher rate. Several factors have been proposed which can be categorized into traditional and nontraditional risk factors. Immune dysfunction is a nontraditional risk factor that contributes significantly to cardiovascular pathology. Markers of inflammation are elevated in HIV-infected patients, and elevations in markers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease. However, the data currently suggest the most practical advice is to start antiretroviral therapy early and to manage traditional risk factors for CVD aggressively. A better understanding of the mechanisms of CVD in this population and further efforts to modify chronic inflammation remain an important research area. Hindawi Publishing Corporation 2015 2015-01-11 /pmc/articles/PMC4305617/ /pubmed/25648075 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/302638 Text en Copyright © 2015 Akram M. Zaaqoq et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Review Article Zaaqoq, Akram M. Khasawneh, Faisal A. Smalligan, Roger D. Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title | Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title_full | Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title_fullStr | Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title_full_unstemmed | Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title_short | Cardiovascular Complications of HIV-Associated Immune Dysfunction |
title_sort | cardiovascular complications of hiv-associated immune dysfunction |
topic | Review Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4305617/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25648075 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/302638 |
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