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Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort

Introduction: The incidence rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is highest among African-American (AA) males. The reason for this disparity in ESRD for AA males remains unclear, but it is well established that diabetes is the leading risk factor. Prediabetes may also be a risk for kidney disease...

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Autores principales: Pointer, Mildred A., Hicks, Kianda, Williams-Devane, ClarLynda, Wells, Candace, Greene, Natasha
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306298/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674558
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00007
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author Pointer, Mildred A.
Hicks, Kianda
Williams-Devane, ClarLynda
Wells, Candace
Greene, Natasha
author_facet Pointer, Mildred A.
Hicks, Kianda
Williams-Devane, ClarLynda
Wells, Candace
Greene, Natasha
author_sort Pointer, Mildred A.
collection PubMed
description Introduction: The incidence rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is highest among African-American (AA) males. The reason for this disparity in ESRD for AA males remains unclear, but it is well established that diabetes is the leading risk factor. Prediabetes may also be a risk for kidney disease since prediabetics have increased risk for cardiovascular disease and often do not receive drug interventions unless their hemoglobin A1c (A1c) level is above 6%. Perhaps, AA males are at greater risk because they often are untreated prediabetics and this predisposes them to renal injury. Therefore, we hypothesize that prediabetic AA males have higher albumin:creatinine ratio (ACr), a biomarker of renal injury, than their female counterparts. Methods: Male and female AAs were recruited (53 females and 47 males; 45 ± 2 years old) from a rural northeastern region of NC. Blood and urine samples were collected for A1c and albumin measurements, respectively. Participants were stratified based on their A1c levels: non-diabetic: <5.7%, prediabetic: ≥5.7% but <6.5%, and diabetic: ≥6.5%. Results: The proportion of males that are normal, prediabetic, and diabetic differed from that of females (p = 0.002). Interestingly, prediabetic men tended to be younger (41 ± 4 vs. 51 ± 3, respectively; p = 0.027) than prediabetic females (p = 0.027). A1c and ACr were not associated with blood pressure in males or females. AA males had a relative risk of 0.9, 2.5, and 1.4 for microalbuminuria for non-diabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic, respectively, compared to AA females. Conclusion: These results support our hypothesis that AA males may be predisposed to prediabetes kidney injury compared to their female counterpart. Thus, young AA males should be screened for biomarkers of kidney injury even if they have normal glucose and blood pressure levels.
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spelling pubmed-43062982015-02-11 Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort Pointer, Mildred A. Hicks, Kianda Williams-Devane, ClarLynda Wells, Candace Greene, Natasha Front Public Health Public Health Introduction: The incidence rate of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is highest among African-American (AA) males. The reason for this disparity in ESRD for AA males remains unclear, but it is well established that diabetes is the leading risk factor. Prediabetes may also be a risk for kidney disease since prediabetics have increased risk for cardiovascular disease and often do not receive drug interventions unless their hemoglobin A1c (A1c) level is above 6%. Perhaps, AA males are at greater risk because they often are untreated prediabetics and this predisposes them to renal injury. Therefore, we hypothesize that prediabetic AA males have higher albumin:creatinine ratio (ACr), a biomarker of renal injury, than their female counterparts. Methods: Male and female AAs were recruited (53 females and 47 males; 45 ± 2 years old) from a rural northeastern region of NC. Blood and urine samples were collected for A1c and albumin measurements, respectively. Participants were stratified based on their A1c levels: non-diabetic: <5.7%, prediabetic: ≥5.7% but <6.5%, and diabetic: ≥6.5%. Results: The proportion of males that are normal, prediabetic, and diabetic differed from that of females (p = 0.002). Interestingly, prediabetic men tended to be younger (41 ± 4 vs. 51 ± 3, respectively; p = 0.027) than prediabetic females (p = 0.027). A1c and ACr were not associated with blood pressure in males or females. AA males had a relative risk of 0.9, 2.5, and 1.4 for microalbuminuria for non-diabetic, prediabetic, and diabetic, respectively, compared to AA females. Conclusion: These results support our hypothesis that AA males may be predisposed to prediabetes kidney injury compared to their female counterpart. Thus, young AA males should be screened for biomarkers of kidney injury even if they have normal glucose and blood pressure levels. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-01-26 /pmc/articles/PMC4306298/ /pubmed/25674558 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00007 Text en Copyright © 2015 Pointer, Hicks, Williams-Devane, Wells and Greene. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Public Health
Pointer, Mildred A.
Hicks, Kianda
Williams-Devane, ClarLynda
Wells, Candace
Greene, Natasha
Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title_full Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title_fullStr Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title_full_unstemmed Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title_short Gender Differences in Preclinical Markers of Kidney Injury in a Rural North Carolina African-American Cohort
title_sort gender differences in preclinical markers of kidney injury in a rural north carolina african-american cohort
topic Public Health
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4306298/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25674558
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00007
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