The chicken left right organizer has nonmotile cilia which are lost in a stage-dependent manner in the talpid(3) ciliopathy

Motile cilia are an essential component of the mouse, zebrafish, and Xenopus laevis Left Right Organizers, generating nodal flow and allowing the reception and transduction of mechanosensory signals. Nonmotile primary cilia are also an important component of the Left Right Organizer's chemosensory mechanism. It has been proposed in the chicken that signaling in Hensen's node, the Left Right Organizer of the chicken, is independent of cilia, based on a lack of evidence of motile cilia or nodal flow. It is speculated that the talpid(3) chicken mutant, which has normal left–right patterning despite lacking cilia at many stages of development, is proof of this hypothesis. Here, we examine the evidence for cilia in Hensen's node and find that although cilia are present; they are likely to be immotile and incapable of generating nodal flow. Furthermore, we find that early planar cell polarity patterning and ciliogenesis is normal in early talpid(3) chicken embryos. We conclude that patterning and development of the early talpid(3) chicken is normal, but not necessarily independent of cilia. Although it appears that Hensen's node does not require motile cilia or the generation of motile flow, there may remain a requirement for cilia in the transduction of SHH signaling. RESULTS: FOXJ1 is expressed at low levels in the chicken node incompatible with motile cilia generation. Short cilia are present in the mesodermal cells of the chicken node. Talpid(3) chicken embryos have normal VANGL2 localization early in development. Talpid(3) chicken embryos have primary cilia early in development.