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The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies

BACKGROUND: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be divided into four subspecies. Substantial phylogenetic evidence suggests that these subspecies can be grouped into two distinct lineages: a western African group that includes P. t. verus and P. t. ellioti and a central/eastern African group that incl...

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Autores principales: Mitchell, Matthew W, Locatelli, Sabrina, Ghobrial, Lora, Pokempner, Amy A, Sesink Clee, Paul R, Abwe, Ekwoge E, Nicholas, Aaron, Nkembi, Louis, Anthony, Nicola M, Morgan, Bethan J, Fotso, Roger, Peeters, Martine, Hahn, Beatrice H, Gonder, Mary Katherine
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314757/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25608610
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y
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author Mitchell, Matthew W
Locatelli, Sabrina
Ghobrial, Lora
Pokempner, Amy A
Sesink Clee, Paul R
Abwe, Ekwoge E
Nicholas, Aaron
Nkembi, Louis
Anthony, Nicola M
Morgan, Bethan J
Fotso, Roger
Peeters, Martine
Hahn, Beatrice H
Gonder, Mary Katherine
author_facet Mitchell, Matthew W
Locatelli, Sabrina
Ghobrial, Lora
Pokempner, Amy A
Sesink Clee, Paul R
Abwe, Ekwoge E
Nicholas, Aaron
Nkembi, Louis
Anthony, Nicola M
Morgan, Bethan J
Fotso, Roger
Peeters, Martine
Hahn, Beatrice H
Gonder, Mary Katherine
author_sort Mitchell, Matthew W
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be divided into four subspecies. Substantial phylogenetic evidence suggests that these subspecies can be grouped into two distinct lineages: a western African group that includes P. t. verus and P. t. ellioti and a central/eastern African group that includes P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii. The geographic division of these two lineages occurs in Cameroon, where the rages of P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes appear to converge at the Sanaga River. Remarkably, few population genetic studies have included wild chimpanzees from this region. RESULTS: We analyzed microsatellite genotypes of 187 wild, unrelated chimpanzees, and mitochondrial control region sequencing data from 604 chimpanzees. We found that chimpanzees in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria comprise at least two, and likely three populations. Both the mtDNA and microsatellite data suggest that there is a primary separation of P. t. troglodytes in southern Cameroon from P. t. ellioti north and west of the Sanaga River. These two populations split ~200-250 thousand years ago (kya), but have exchanged one migrant per generation since separating. In addition, P. t. ellioti consists of two populations that split from one another ~4 kya. One population is located in the rainforests of western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, whereas the second population appears to be confined to a savannah-woodland mosaic in central Cameroon. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that there are as many as three genetically distinct populations of chimpanzees in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria. P. t. troglodytes in southern Cameroon comprises one population that is separated from two populations of P. t. ellioti in western and central Cameroon, respectively. P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes appear to be characterized by a pattern of isolation-with-migration, and thus, we propose that neutral processes alone can not explain the differentiation of P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-43147572015-02-04 The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies Mitchell, Matthew W Locatelli, Sabrina Ghobrial, Lora Pokempner, Amy A Sesink Clee, Paul R Abwe, Ekwoge E Nicholas, Aaron Nkembi, Louis Anthony, Nicola M Morgan, Bethan J Fotso, Roger Peeters, Martine Hahn, Beatrice H Gonder, Mary Katherine BMC Evol Biol Research Article BACKGROUND: Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) can be divided into four subspecies. Substantial phylogenetic evidence suggests that these subspecies can be grouped into two distinct lineages: a western African group that includes P. t. verus and P. t. ellioti and a central/eastern African group that includes P. t. troglodytes and P. t. schweinfurthii. The geographic division of these two lineages occurs in Cameroon, where the rages of P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes appear to converge at the Sanaga River. Remarkably, few population genetic studies have included wild chimpanzees from this region. RESULTS: We analyzed microsatellite genotypes of 187 wild, unrelated chimpanzees, and mitochondrial control region sequencing data from 604 chimpanzees. We found that chimpanzees in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria comprise at least two, and likely three populations. Both the mtDNA and microsatellite data suggest that there is a primary separation of P. t. troglodytes in southern Cameroon from P. t. ellioti north and west of the Sanaga River. These two populations split ~200-250 thousand years ago (kya), but have exchanged one migrant per generation since separating. In addition, P. t. ellioti consists of two populations that split from one another ~4 kya. One population is located in the rainforests of western Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, whereas the second population appears to be confined to a savannah-woodland mosaic in central Cameroon. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that there are as many as three genetically distinct populations of chimpanzees in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria. P. t. troglodytes in southern Cameroon comprises one population that is separated from two populations of P. t. ellioti in western and central Cameroon, respectively. P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes appear to be characterized by a pattern of isolation-with-migration, and thus, we propose that neutral processes alone can not explain the differentiation of P. t. ellioti and P. t. troglodytes. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2015-01-21 /pmc/articles/PMC4314757/ /pubmed/25608610 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y Text en © Mitchell et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Mitchell, Matthew W
Locatelli, Sabrina
Ghobrial, Lora
Pokempner, Amy A
Sesink Clee, Paul R
Abwe, Ekwoge E
Nicholas, Aaron
Nkembi, Louis
Anthony, Nicola M
Morgan, Bethan J
Fotso, Roger
Peeters, Martine
Hahn, Beatrice H
Gonder, Mary Katherine
The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title_full The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title_fullStr The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title_full_unstemmed The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title_short The population genetics of wild chimpanzees in Cameroon and Nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
title_sort population genetics of wild chimpanzees in cameroon and nigeria suggests a positive role for selection in the evolution of chimpanzee subspecies
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4314757/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25608610
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-014-0276-y
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