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Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia
BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia annually reports a relatively higher proportion (28–32%) of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases in comparison to other global regions. However, there were few studies conducted so far to determine the sociodemographic factors and clinical manifestations associated with...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315397/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647300 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101667 |
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author | Al-Hajoj, Sahal Shoukri, Mohammed Memish, Ziad AlHakeem, Raafat AlRabiah, Fahad Varghese, Bright |
author_facet | Al-Hajoj, Sahal Shoukri, Mohammed Memish, Ziad AlHakeem, Raafat AlRabiah, Fahad Varghese, Bright |
author_sort | Al-Hajoj, Sahal |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia annually reports a relatively higher proportion (28–32%) of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases in comparison to other global regions. However, there were few studies conducted so far to determine the sociodemographic factors and clinical manifestations associated with EPTB at a nationwide level. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis on culture positive EPTB isolates collected from all the provinces of the country were conducted for a period of 12 months to determine the spectrum of diversity in EPTB infection sites and the confounding factors. A detailed clinical and demographical data analysis was carried out along with first line drug susceptibility testing. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Intra-thoracic and extra-thoracic lymph nodes (44.6%) were the most common sites of infection followed by gastrointestinal (17.3%) and central nervous systems (11.8%). Male patients were mostly infected (58.8%), in contrary to the global trend. Any drug resistance was observed in 23.1% isolates with a 2.1% of multi-drug resistance. HIV reactivity was found only in 2.2% cases. A higher proportion of Saudi nationals (58.8%) were infected compared to the immigrants, descending mostly from South Asia (34.4%) and South East Asia (31.2%). The Saudi population predominated with all forms of EPTB while immigrants showed no significant variations. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi Arabia faces a serious threat from EPTB, particularly to the central nervous system and gastrointestinal systems. More effective diagnostic strategies and control measures must be implemented to reduce the high rate of EPTB in the country. In addition, these findings warrant further detailed research to explore all related comorbid conditions of EPTB development, particularly the host-related factors. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4315397 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43153972015-02-13 Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia Al-Hajoj, Sahal Shoukri, Mohammed Memish, Ziad AlHakeem, Raafat AlRabiah, Fahad Varghese, Bright PLoS One Research Article BACKGROUND: Saudi Arabia annually reports a relatively higher proportion (28–32%) of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) cases in comparison to other global regions. However, there were few studies conducted so far to determine the sociodemographic factors and clinical manifestations associated with EPTB at a nationwide level. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective analysis on culture positive EPTB isolates collected from all the provinces of the country were conducted for a period of 12 months to determine the spectrum of diversity in EPTB infection sites and the confounding factors. A detailed clinical and demographical data analysis was carried out along with first line drug susceptibility testing. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Intra-thoracic and extra-thoracic lymph nodes (44.6%) were the most common sites of infection followed by gastrointestinal (17.3%) and central nervous systems (11.8%). Male patients were mostly infected (58.8%), in contrary to the global trend. Any drug resistance was observed in 23.1% isolates with a 2.1% of multi-drug resistance. HIV reactivity was found only in 2.2% cases. A higher proportion of Saudi nationals (58.8%) were infected compared to the immigrants, descending mostly from South Asia (34.4%) and South East Asia (31.2%). The Saudi population predominated with all forms of EPTB while immigrants showed no significant variations. CONCLUSIONS: Saudi Arabia faces a serious threat from EPTB, particularly to the central nervous system and gastrointestinal systems. More effective diagnostic strategies and control measures must be implemented to reduce the high rate of EPTB in the country. In addition, these findings warrant further detailed research to explore all related comorbid conditions of EPTB development, particularly the host-related factors. Public Library of Science 2015-02-03 /pmc/articles/PMC4315397/ /pubmed/25647300 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101667 Text en © 2015 Al-Hajoj et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Al-Hajoj, Sahal Shoukri, Mohammed Memish, Ziad AlHakeem, Raafat AlRabiah, Fahad Varghese, Bright Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title | Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title_full | Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title_fullStr | Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title_full_unstemmed | Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title_short | Exploring the Sociodemographic and Clinical Features of Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia |
title_sort | exploring the sociodemographic and clinical features of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in saudi arabia |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4315397/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647300 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0101667 |
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