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Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries

BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are major contributors to the global burden of disease and their inverse relationship with physical activity is widely accepted. However, research on the association between physical activity and positive mental health outcomes is limited. Happiness is an example...

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Autores principales: Richards, Justin, Jiang, Xiaoxiao, Kelly, Paul, Chau, Josephine, Bauman, Adrian, Ding, Ding
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320474/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636787
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1391-4
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author Richards, Justin
Jiang, Xiaoxiao
Kelly, Paul
Chau, Josephine
Bauman, Adrian
Ding, Ding
author_facet Richards, Justin
Jiang, Xiaoxiao
Kelly, Paul
Chau, Josephine
Bauman, Adrian
Ding, Ding
author_sort Richards, Justin
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are major contributors to the global burden of disease and their inverse relationship with physical activity is widely accepted. However, research on the association between physical activity and positive mental health outcomes is limited. Happiness is an example of a positive construct of mental health that may be promoted by physical activity and could increase resilience to emotional perturbations. The aim of this study is to use a large multi-country dataset to assess the association of happiness with physical activity volume and its specificity to intensity and/or activity domain. METHODS: We analysed Eurobarometer 2002 data from 15 countries (n = 11,637). This comprised one question assessing self-reported happiness on a six point scale (dichotomised: happy/unhappy) and physical activity data collected using the IPAQ-short (i.e. walking, moderate, vigorous) and four domain specific items (i.e. domestic, leisure, transport, vocation). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between happiness and physical activity volume adjusted for sex, age, country, general health, relationship status, employment and education. Analyses of intensity and domain specificity were assessed by logistic regression adjusted for the same covariates and physical activity volume. RESULTS: When compared to inactive people, there was a positive dose–response association between physical activity volume and happiness (highly active: OR = 1.52 [1.28-1.80]; sufficiently active: OR = 1.29 [1.11-1.49]; insufficiently active: OR = 1.20 [1.03-1.39]). There were small positive associations with happiness for walking (OR = 1.02 [1.00-1.03]) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (OR = 1.03 [1.01-1.05). Moderate-intensity physical activity was not associated with happiness (OR = 1.01 [0.99-1.03]). The strongest domain specific associations with happiness were found for “a lot” of domestic (OR = 1.42 [1.20-1.68]) and “some” vocational (OR = 1.33 [1.08-1.64]) physical activity. Happiness was also associated with “a lot” of leisure physical activity (OR = 1.15 [1.02-1.30]), but there were no significant associations for the transport domain. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing physical activity volume was associated with higher levels of happiness. Although the influence of physical activity intensity appeared minimal, the association with happiness was domain specific and was strongest for “a lot” of domestic and/or “some” vocational physical activity. Future studies to establish causation are indicated and may prompt changes in how physical activity for improving mental health is promoted.
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spelling pubmed-43204742015-02-08 Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries Richards, Justin Jiang, Xiaoxiao Kelly, Paul Chau, Josephine Bauman, Adrian Ding, Ding BMC Public Health Research Article BACKGROUND: Mental health disorders are major contributors to the global burden of disease and their inverse relationship with physical activity is widely accepted. However, research on the association between physical activity and positive mental health outcomes is limited. Happiness is an example of a positive construct of mental health that may be promoted by physical activity and could increase resilience to emotional perturbations. The aim of this study is to use a large multi-country dataset to assess the association of happiness with physical activity volume and its specificity to intensity and/or activity domain. METHODS: We analysed Eurobarometer 2002 data from 15 countries (n = 11,637). This comprised one question assessing self-reported happiness on a six point scale (dichotomised: happy/unhappy) and physical activity data collected using the IPAQ-short (i.e. walking, moderate, vigorous) and four domain specific items (i.e. domestic, leisure, transport, vocation). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between happiness and physical activity volume adjusted for sex, age, country, general health, relationship status, employment and education. Analyses of intensity and domain specificity were assessed by logistic regression adjusted for the same covariates and physical activity volume. RESULTS: When compared to inactive people, there was a positive dose–response association between physical activity volume and happiness (highly active: OR = 1.52 [1.28-1.80]; sufficiently active: OR = 1.29 [1.11-1.49]; insufficiently active: OR = 1.20 [1.03-1.39]). There were small positive associations with happiness for walking (OR = 1.02 [1.00-1.03]) and vigorous-intensity physical activity (OR = 1.03 [1.01-1.05). Moderate-intensity physical activity was not associated with happiness (OR = 1.01 [0.99-1.03]). The strongest domain specific associations with happiness were found for “a lot” of domestic (OR = 1.42 [1.20-1.68]) and “some” vocational (OR = 1.33 [1.08-1.64]) physical activity. Happiness was also associated with “a lot” of leisure physical activity (OR = 1.15 [1.02-1.30]), but there were no significant associations for the transport domain. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing physical activity volume was associated with higher levels of happiness. Although the influence of physical activity intensity appeared minimal, the association with happiness was domain specific and was strongest for “a lot” of domestic and/or “some” vocational physical activity. Future studies to establish causation are indicated and may prompt changes in how physical activity for improving mental health is promoted. BioMed Central 2015-01-31 /pmc/articles/PMC4320474/ /pubmed/25636787 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1391-4 Text en © Richards et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research Article
Richards, Justin
Jiang, Xiaoxiao
Kelly, Paul
Chau, Josephine
Bauman, Adrian
Ding, Ding
Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title_full Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title_fullStr Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title_full_unstemmed Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title_short Don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 European countries
title_sort don't worry, be happy: cross-sectional associations between physical activity and happiness in 15 european countries
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4320474/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25636787
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1391-4
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