On the use of stable oxygen isotope (δ(18)O) measurements for tracking avian movements in North America

Tracking migratory animals has benefitted using measurements of naturally occurring stable isotopes of hydrogen (δ(2)H) in keratinous tissues such as hair and feathers to link animal origins to continental patterns or isoscapes of δ(2)H in precipitation. However, for most taxa, much less information exists on the use of stable oxygen isotope ratios (δ(18)O) despite the fact that δ(2)H and δ(18)O are strongly linked in environmental waters through the meteoric relationship and the possibility of using both isotopes to infer greater information on origins and climatic conditions where tissues are grown. A fundamental requirement of using stable isotopes to assign individuals and populations to origins is the development of a rescaling function linking environmental food web signals to the tissue of interest and for birds, this has not been carried out. Here, we derived the relationship between H and O isotopes in known source feathers of 104 individuals representing 11 species of insectivorous passerines sampled across the strong precipitation isoscape of North America. We determined again a strong expected relationship between feather δ(2)H (δ(2)H(f)) and long-term amount-weighted precipitation δ(2)H (δ(2)H(p); r(2) = 0.77), but the corresponding relationship between δ(18)O(f) and δ(18)O(p) was poor (r(2) = 0.32) for the same samples. This suggests that δ(2)H measurements are currently more useful for assignment of insectivorous songbirds to precipitation isoscapes but does not preclude other uses of the δ(18)O(f) data. Currently, mechanisms responsible for the decoupling of H and O isotopes in food webs is poorly known, and we advocate a much broader sampling of both isotopes in the same keratinous tissues across precipitation isotope gradients and across taxa to resolve this issue and to increase the power of using water isotopes to track migratory animals.