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Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution
The mammalian neocortex is a remarkable structure that is characterized by tangential surface expansion and six-layered lamination. However, how the mammalian neocortex emerged during evolution remains elusive. Because all modern reptiles have a homolog of the neocortex at the dorsal pallium, develo...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338674/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25759636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00045 |
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author | Nomura, Tadashi Yamashita, Wataru Gotoh, Hitoshi Ono, Katsuhiko |
author_facet | Nomura, Tadashi Yamashita, Wataru Gotoh, Hitoshi Ono, Katsuhiko |
author_sort | Nomura, Tadashi |
collection | PubMed |
description | The mammalian neocortex is a remarkable structure that is characterized by tangential surface expansion and six-layered lamination. However, how the mammalian neocortex emerged during evolution remains elusive. Because all modern reptiles have a homolog of the neocortex at the dorsal pallium, developmental analyses of the reptilian cortex are valuable to explore the origin of the neocortex. However, reptilian cortical development and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, mainly due to technical difficulties with sample collection and embryonic manipulation. Here, we introduce a method of embryonic manipulations for the Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. We established in ovo electroporation and an ex ovo culture system to address neural stem cell dynamics, neuronal differentiation and migration. Applications of these techniques illuminate the developmental mechanisms underlying reptilian corticogenesis, which provides significant insight into the evolutionary steps of different types of cortex and the origin of the mammalian neocortex. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4338674 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43386742015-03-10 Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution Nomura, Tadashi Yamashita, Wataru Gotoh, Hitoshi Ono, Katsuhiko Front Neurosci Neuroscience The mammalian neocortex is a remarkable structure that is characterized by tangential surface expansion and six-layered lamination. However, how the mammalian neocortex emerged during evolution remains elusive. Because all modern reptiles have a homolog of the neocortex at the dorsal pallium, developmental analyses of the reptilian cortex are valuable to explore the origin of the neocortex. However, reptilian cortical development and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, mainly due to technical difficulties with sample collection and embryonic manipulation. Here, we introduce a method of embryonic manipulations for the Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. We established in ovo electroporation and an ex ovo culture system to address neural stem cell dynamics, neuronal differentiation and migration. Applications of these techniques illuminate the developmental mechanisms underlying reptilian corticogenesis, which provides significant insight into the evolutionary steps of different types of cortex and the origin of the mammalian neocortex. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-02-24 /pmc/articles/PMC4338674/ /pubmed/25759636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00045 Text en Copyright © 2015 Nomura, Yamashita, Gotoh and Ono. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Nomura, Tadashi Yamashita, Wataru Gotoh, Hitoshi Ono, Katsuhiko Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title | Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title_full | Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title_fullStr | Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title_full_unstemmed | Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title_short | Genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
title_sort | genetic manipulation of reptilian embryos: toward an understanding of cortical development and evolution |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4338674/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25759636 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00045 |
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