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Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways
Chlorination is the most popular method for disinfecting swimming pool water; however, although pathogens are being killed, many toxic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), are formed. Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of t...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351252/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25742134 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119241 |
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author | Li, Jiang-Hua Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhu, Xiao-Juan Deng, Zhao-Hui Cai, Can-Xin Qiu, Li-Qiang Chen, Wei Lin, Ya-Jun |
author_facet | Li, Jiang-Hua Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhu, Xiao-Juan Deng, Zhao-Hui Cai, Can-Xin Qiu, Li-Qiang Chen, Wei Lin, Ya-Jun |
author_sort | Li, Jiang-Hua |
collection | PubMed |
description | Chlorination is the most popular method for disinfecting swimming pool water; however, although pathogens are being killed, many toxic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), are formed. Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases. However, the findings concerning these associations are not always consistent and have not been confirmed by toxicological studies. Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools. Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming. Among the five major organs (the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys), the liver is the most likely target of DBPs. Through metabolomics analysis, the corresponding metabolic stress pathways and a defensive system focusing on taurine were presented, based on which the corresponding countermeasures can be developed for swimming athletes and for others who spend a lot of time in chlorinated swimming pools. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4351252 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43512522015-03-17 Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways Li, Jiang-Hua Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhu, Xiao-Juan Deng, Zhao-Hui Cai, Can-Xin Qiu, Li-Qiang Chen, Wei Lin, Ya-Jun PLoS One Research Article Chlorination is the most popular method for disinfecting swimming pool water; however, although pathogens are being killed, many toxic compounds, called disinfection by-products (DBPs), are formed. Numerous epidemiological publications have associated the chlorination of pools with dysfunctions of the respiratory system and with some other diseases. However, the findings concerning these associations are not always consistent and have not been confirmed by toxicological studies. Therefore, the health effects from swimming in chlorinated pools and the corresponding stress reactions in organisms are unclear. In this study, we show that although the growth and behaviors of experimental rats were not affected, their health, training effects and metabolic profiles were significantly affected by a 12-week swimming training program in chlorinated water identical to that of public pools. Interestingly, the eyes and skin are the organs that are more directly affected than the lungs by the irritants in chlorinated water; instead of chlorination, training intensity, training frequency and choking on water may be the primary factors for lung damage induced by swimming. Among the five major organs (the heart, liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys), the liver is the most likely target of DBPs. Through metabolomics analysis, the corresponding metabolic stress pathways and a defensive system focusing on taurine were presented, based on which the corresponding countermeasures can be developed for swimming athletes and for others who spend a lot of time in chlorinated swimming pools. Public Library of Science 2015-03-05 /pmc/articles/PMC4351252/ /pubmed/25742134 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119241 Text en © 2015 Li et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Li, Jiang-Hua Wang, Zhi-Hui Zhu, Xiao-Juan Deng, Zhao-Hui Cai, Can-Xin Qiu, Li-Qiang Chen, Wei Lin, Ya-Jun Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title | Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title_full | Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title_fullStr | Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title_full_unstemmed | Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title_short | Health Effects from Swimming Training in Chlorinated Pools and the Corresponding Metabolic Stress Pathways |
title_sort | health effects from swimming training in chlorinated pools and the corresponding metabolic stress pathways |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4351252/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25742134 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119241 |
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