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HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases

The long-term spontaneous evolution of humans and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not well characterized; many vertebrate species, including humans, exhibit remnants of other retroviruses in their genomes that question such possible endogenization of HIV. We investigated two HIV-infected p...

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Autores principales: Colson, P, Ravaux, I, Tamalet, C, Glazunova, O, Baptiste, E, Chabriere, E, Wiedemann, A, Lacabaratz, C, Chefrour, M, Picard, C, Stein, A, Levy, Y, Raoult, D
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4360783/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366539
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12807
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author Colson, P
Ravaux, I
Tamalet, C
Glazunova, O
Baptiste, E
Chabriere, E
Wiedemann, A
Lacabaratz, C
Chefrour, M
Picard, C
Stein, A
Levy, Y
Raoult, D
author_facet Colson, P
Ravaux, I
Tamalet, C
Glazunova, O
Baptiste, E
Chabriere, E
Wiedemann, A
Lacabaratz, C
Chefrour, M
Picard, C
Stein, A
Levy, Y
Raoult, D
author_sort Colson, P
collection PubMed
description The long-term spontaneous evolution of humans and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not well characterized; many vertebrate species, including humans, exhibit remnants of other retroviruses in their genomes that question such possible endogenization of HIV. We investigated two HIV-infected patients with no HIV-related disease and no detection with routine tests of plasma HIV RNA or cell-associated HIV DNA. We used Sanger and deep sequencing to retrieve HIV DNA sequences integrated in the human genome and tested the host humoral and cellular immune responses. We noticed that viruses from both patients were inactivated by the high prevalence of the transformation of tryptophan codons into stop codons (25% overall (3–100% per gene) and 24% overall (0–50% per gene)). In contrast, the humoral and/or cellular responses were strong for one patient and moderate for the other, indicating that a productive infection occurred at one stage of the infection. We speculate that the stimulation of APOBEC, the enzyme group that exchanges G for A in viral nucleic acids and is usually inhibited by the HIV protein Vif, has been amplified and made effective from the initial stage of the infection. Furthermore, we propose that a cure for HIV may occur through HIV endogenization in humans, as observed for many other retroviruses in mammals, rather than clearance of all traces of HIV from human cells, which defines viral eradication.
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spelling pubmed-43607832015-03-19 HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases Colson, P Ravaux, I Tamalet, C Glazunova, O Baptiste, E Chabriere, E Wiedemann, A Lacabaratz, C Chefrour, M Picard, C Stein, A Levy, Y Raoult, D Clin Microbiol Infect Virology The long-term spontaneous evolution of humans and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not well characterized; many vertebrate species, including humans, exhibit remnants of other retroviruses in their genomes that question such possible endogenization of HIV. We investigated two HIV-infected patients with no HIV-related disease and no detection with routine tests of plasma HIV RNA or cell-associated HIV DNA. We used Sanger and deep sequencing to retrieve HIV DNA sequences integrated in the human genome and tested the host humoral and cellular immune responses. We noticed that viruses from both patients were inactivated by the high prevalence of the transformation of tryptophan codons into stop codons (25% overall (3–100% per gene) and 24% overall (0–50% per gene)). In contrast, the humoral and/or cellular responses were strong for one patient and moderate for the other, indicating that a productive infection occurred at one stage of the infection. We speculate that the stimulation of APOBEC, the enzyme group that exchanges G for A in viral nucleic acids and is usually inhibited by the HIV protein Vif, has been amplified and made effective from the initial stage of the infection. Furthermore, we propose that a cure for HIV may occur through HIV endogenization in humans, as observed for many other retroviruses in mammals, rather than clearance of all traces of HIV from human cells, which defines viral eradication. BlackWell Publishing Ltd 2014-12 2014-12-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4360783/ /pubmed/25366539 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12807 Text en © 2014 The Authors Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2014 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
spellingShingle Virology
Colson, P
Ravaux, I
Tamalet, C
Glazunova, O
Baptiste, E
Chabriere, E
Wiedemann, A
Lacabaratz, C
Chefrour, M
Picard, C
Stein, A
Levy, Y
Raoult, D
HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title_full HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title_fullStr HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title_full_unstemmed HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title_short HIV infection en route to endogenization: two cases
title_sort hiv infection en route to endogenization: two cases
topic Virology
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4360783/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25366539
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12807
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