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Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis
Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes,...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377861/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699985 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7031426 |
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author | Wijnands, Karolina A.P. Castermans, Tessy M.R. Hommen, Merel P.J. Meesters, Dennis M. Poeze, Martijn |
author_facet | Wijnands, Karolina A.P. Castermans, Tessy M.R. Hommen, Merel P.J. Meesters, Dennis M. Poeze, Martijn |
author_sort | Wijnands, Karolina A.P. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes, which convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and ornithine, respectively. Limitations in arginine availability during inflammatory conditions regulate macrophages and T-lymfocyte activation. Furthermore, over the past years more evidence has been gathered which showed that arginine and citrulline deficiencies may underlie the detrimental outcome of inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and endotoxemia. Not only does the immune response contribute to the arginine deficiency, also the impaired arginine de novo synthesis in the kidney has a key role in the eventual observed arginine deficiency. The complex interplay between the immune response and the arginine-NO metabolism is further underscored by recent data of our group. In this review we give an overview of physiological arginine and citrulline metabolism and we address the experimental and clinical studies in which the arginine-citrulline NO pathway plays an essential role in the immune response, as initiator and therapeutic target. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4377861 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43778612015-04-30 Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis Wijnands, Karolina A.P. Castermans, Tessy M.R. Hommen, Merel P.J. Meesters, Dennis M. Poeze, Martijn Nutrients Review Arginine, a semi-essential amino acid is an important initiator of the immune response. Arginine serves as a precursor in several metabolic pathways in different organs. In the immune response, arginine metabolism and availability is determined by the nitric oxide synthases and the arginase enzymes, which convert arginine into nitric oxide (NO) and ornithine, respectively. Limitations in arginine availability during inflammatory conditions regulate macrophages and T-lymfocyte activation. Furthermore, over the past years more evidence has been gathered which showed that arginine and citrulline deficiencies may underlie the detrimental outcome of inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis and endotoxemia. Not only does the immune response contribute to the arginine deficiency, also the impaired arginine de novo synthesis in the kidney has a key role in the eventual observed arginine deficiency. The complex interplay between the immune response and the arginine-NO metabolism is further underscored by recent data of our group. In this review we give an overview of physiological arginine and citrulline metabolism and we address the experimental and clinical studies in which the arginine-citrulline NO pathway plays an essential role in the immune response, as initiator and therapeutic target. MDPI 2015-02-18 /pmc/articles/PMC4377861/ /pubmed/25699985 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7031426 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Wijnands, Karolina A.P. Castermans, Tessy M.R. Hommen, Merel P.J. Meesters, Dennis M. Poeze, Martijn Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title | Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title_full | Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title_fullStr | Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title_full_unstemmed | Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title_short | Arginine and Citrulline and the Immune Response in Sepsis |
title_sort | arginine and citrulline and the immune response in sepsis |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4377861/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25699985 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu7031426 |
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