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Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis

BACKGROUND: The initiation of flowering is an important developmental transition as it marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in plants. The MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) form a complex to repress the expression of genes that ini...

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Autores principales: Mateos, Julieta L, Madrigal, Pedro, Tsuda, Kenichi, Rawat, Vimal, Richter, René, Romera-Branchat, Maida, Fornara, Fabio, Schneeberger, Korbinian, Krajewski, Paweł, Coupland, George
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378019/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853185
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0597-1
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author Mateos, Julieta L
Madrigal, Pedro
Tsuda, Kenichi
Rawat, Vimal
Richter, René
Romera-Branchat, Maida
Fornara, Fabio
Schneeberger, Korbinian
Krajewski, Paweł
Coupland, George
author_facet Mateos, Julieta L
Madrigal, Pedro
Tsuda, Kenichi
Rawat, Vimal
Richter, René
Romera-Branchat, Maida
Fornara, Fabio
Schneeberger, Korbinian
Krajewski, Paweł
Coupland, George
author_sort Mateos, Julieta L
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: The initiation of flowering is an important developmental transition as it marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in plants. The MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) form a complex to repress the expression of genes that initiate flowering in Arabidopsis. Both TFs play a central role in the regulatory network by conferring seasonal patterns of flowering. However, their interdependence and biological relevance when acting as a complex have not been extensively studied. RESULTS: We characterized the effects of both TFs individually and as a complex on flowering initiation using transcriptome profiling and DNA-binding occupancy. We find four major clusters regulating transcriptional responses, and that DNA binding scenarios are highly affected by the presence of the cognate partner. Remarkably, we identify genes whose regulation depends exclusively on simultaneous action of both proteins, thus distinguishing between the specificity of the SVP:FLC complex and that of each TF acting individually. The downstream targets of the SVP:FLC complex include a higher proportion of genes regulating floral induction, whereas those bound by either TF independently are biased towards floral development. Many genes involved in gibberellin-related processes are bound by the SVP:FLC complex, suggesting that direct regulation of gibberellin metabolism by FLC and SVP contributes to their effects on flowering. CONCLUSIONS: The regulatory codes controlled by SVP and FLC were deciphered at the genome-wide level revealing substantial flexibility based on dependent and independent DNA binding that may contribute to variation and robustness in the regulation of flowering. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0597-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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spelling pubmed-43780192015-03-31 Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis Mateos, Julieta L Madrigal, Pedro Tsuda, Kenichi Rawat, Vimal Richter, René Romera-Branchat, Maida Fornara, Fabio Schneeberger, Korbinian Krajewski, Paweł Coupland, George Genome Biol Research BACKGROUND: The initiation of flowering is an important developmental transition as it marks the beginning of the reproductive phase in plants. The MADS-box transcription factors (TFs) FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) form a complex to repress the expression of genes that initiate flowering in Arabidopsis. Both TFs play a central role in the regulatory network by conferring seasonal patterns of flowering. However, their interdependence and biological relevance when acting as a complex have not been extensively studied. RESULTS: We characterized the effects of both TFs individually and as a complex on flowering initiation using transcriptome profiling and DNA-binding occupancy. We find four major clusters regulating transcriptional responses, and that DNA binding scenarios are highly affected by the presence of the cognate partner. Remarkably, we identify genes whose regulation depends exclusively on simultaneous action of both proteins, thus distinguishing between the specificity of the SVP:FLC complex and that of each TF acting individually. The downstream targets of the SVP:FLC complex include a higher proportion of genes regulating floral induction, whereas those bound by either TF independently are biased towards floral development. Many genes involved in gibberellin-related processes are bound by the SVP:FLC complex, suggesting that direct regulation of gibberellin metabolism by FLC and SVP contributes to their effects on flowering. CONCLUSIONS: The regulatory codes controlled by SVP and FLC were deciphered at the genome-wide level revealing substantial flexibility based on dependent and independent DNA binding that may contribute to variation and robustness in the regulation of flowering. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0597-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. BioMed Central 2015-02-11 2015 /pmc/articles/PMC4378019/ /pubmed/25853185 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0597-1 Text en © Mateos et al.; licensee BioMed Central. 2015 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
spellingShingle Research
Mateos, Julieta L
Madrigal, Pedro
Tsuda, Kenichi
Rawat, Vimal
Richter, René
Romera-Branchat, Maida
Fornara, Fabio
Schneeberger, Korbinian
Krajewski, Paweł
Coupland, George
Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title_full Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title_fullStr Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title_full_unstemmed Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title_short Combinatorial activities of SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FLOWERING LOCUS C define distinct modes of flowering regulation in Arabidopsis
title_sort combinatorial activities of short vegetative phase and flowering locus c define distinct modes of flowering regulation in arabidopsis
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378019/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25853185
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13059-015-0597-1
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