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Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee
Fan aggression in football (soccer) is a societal problem that affects many countries worldwide. However, to date, most studies use an epidemiological or survey approach to explain football fan aggression. This study used a controlled laboratory study to advance a model of predictors for fan aggress...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Public Library of Science
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386810/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25844939 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120103 |
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author | van der Meij, Leander Klauke, Fabian Moore, Hannah L. Ludwig, Yannick S. Almela, Mercedes van Lange, Paul A. M. |
author_facet | van der Meij, Leander Klauke, Fabian Moore, Hannah L. Ludwig, Yannick S. Almela, Mercedes van Lange, Paul A. M. |
author_sort | van der Meij, Leander |
collection | PubMed |
description | Fan aggression in football (soccer) is a societal problem that affects many countries worldwide. However, to date, most studies use an epidemiological or survey approach to explain football fan aggression. This study used a controlled laboratory study to advance a model of predictors for fan aggression. To do so, football fans (n = 74) saw a match summary in which their favorite team lost against their most important rival. Next, we measured levels of aggression with the hot sauce paradigm, in which fans were given the opportunity to administer a sample of hot sauce that a rival football supporter had to consume. To investigate if media exposure had the ability to reduce aggression, before the match fans saw a video in which fans of the rival team commented in a neutral, negative, or positive manner on their favorite team. Results showed that the media exposure did not affect aggression. However, participants displayed high levels of aggression and anger after having watched the match. Also, aggression was higher in fans with lower basal cortisol levels, which suggests that part of the aggression displayed was proactive and related to anti-social behavior. Furthermore, aggression was higher when the referee was blamed and aggression was lower when the performance of the participants’ favorite team was blamed for the match result. These results indicate that aggression increased when the match result was perceived as unfair. Interventions that aim to reduce football fan aggression should give special attention to the perceived fairness of the match result. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4386810 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Public Library of Science |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-43868102015-04-09 Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee van der Meij, Leander Klauke, Fabian Moore, Hannah L. Ludwig, Yannick S. Almela, Mercedes van Lange, Paul A. M. PLoS One Research Article Fan aggression in football (soccer) is a societal problem that affects many countries worldwide. However, to date, most studies use an epidemiological or survey approach to explain football fan aggression. This study used a controlled laboratory study to advance a model of predictors for fan aggression. To do so, football fans (n = 74) saw a match summary in which their favorite team lost against their most important rival. Next, we measured levels of aggression with the hot sauce paradigm, in which fans were given the opportunity to administer a sample of hot sauce that a rival football supporter had to consume. To investigate if media exposure had the ability to reduce aggression, before the match fans saw a video in which fans of the rival team commented in a neutral, negative, or positive manner on their favorite team. Results showed that the media exposure did not affect aggression. However, participants displayed high levels of aggression and anger after having watched the match. Also, aggression was higher in fans with lower basal cortisol levels, which suggests that part of the aggression displayed was proactive and related to anti-social behavior. Furthermore, aggression was higher when the referee was blamed and aggression was lower when the performance of the participants’ favorite team was blamed for the match result. These results indicate that aggression increased when the match result was perceived as unfair. Interventions that aim to reduce football fan aggression should give special attention to the perceived fairness of the match result. Public Library of Science 2015-04-06 /pmc/articles/PMC4386810/ /pubmed/25844939 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120103 Text en © 2015 van der Meij et al http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article van der Meij, Leander Klauke, Fabian Moore, Hannah L. Ludwig, Yannick S. Almela, Mercedes van Lange, Paul A. M. Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title | Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title_full | Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title_fullStr | Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title_full_unstemmed | Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title_short | Football Fan Aggression: The Importance of Low Basal Cortisol and a Fair Referee |
title_sort | football fan aggression: the importance of low basal cortisol and a fair referee |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4386810/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25844939 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120103 |
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