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Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions

Over the past several years, we have noticed an increase in the number of blast injury studies published in peer-reviewed biomedical journals that have utilized improperly conceived experiments. Data from these studies will lead to false conclusions and more confusion than advancement in the underst...

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Autores principales: Needham, Charles E., Ritzel, David, Rule, Gregory T., Wiri, Suthee, Young, Leanne
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389725/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25904891
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00072
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author Needham, Charles E.
Ritzel, David
Rule, Gregory T.
Wiri, Suthee
Young, Leanne
author_facet Needham, Charles E.
Ritzel, David
Rule, Gregory T.
Wiri, Suthee
Young, Leanne
author_sort Needham, Charles E.
collection PubMed
description Over the past several years, we have noticed an increase in the number of blast injury studies published in peer-reviewed biomedical journals that have utilized improperly conceived experiments. Data from these studies will lead to false conclusions and more confusion than advancement in the understanding of blast injury, particularly blast neurotrauma. Computational methods to properly characterize the blast environment have been available for decades. These methods, combined with a basic understanding of blast wave phenomena, enable researchers to extract useful information from well-documented experiments. This basic understanding must include the differences and interrelationships of static pressure, dynamic pressure, reflected pressure, and total or stagnation pressure in transient shockwave flows, how they relate to loading of objects, and how they are properly measured. However, it is critical that the research community effectively overcomes the confusion that has been compounded by a misunderstanding of the differences between the loading produced by a free field explosive blast and loading produced by a conventional shock tube. The principles of blast scaling have been well established for decades and when properly applied will do much to repair these problems. This paper provides guidance regarding proper experimental methods and offers insights into the implications of improperly designed and executed tests. Through application of computational methods, useful data can be extracted from well-documented historical tests, and future work can be conducted in a way to maximize the effectiveness and use of valuable biological test data.
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spelling pubmed-43897252015-04-22 Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions Needham, Charles E. Ritzel, David Rule, Gregory T. Wiri, Suthee Young, Leanne Front Neurol Neuroscience Over the past several years, we have noticed an increase in the number of blast injury studies published in peer-reviewed biomedical journals that have utilized improperly conceived experiments. Data from these studies will lead to false conclusions and more confusion than advancement in the understanding of blast injury, particularly blast neurotrauma. Computational methods to properly characterize the blast environment have been available for decades. These methods, combined with a basic understanding of blast wave phenomena, enable researchers to extract useful information from well-documented experiments. This basic understanding must include the differences and interrelationships of static pressure, dynamic pressure, reflected pressure, and total or stagnation pressure in transient shockwave flows, how they relate to loading of objects, and how they are properly measured. However, it is critical that the research community effectively overcomes the confusion that has been compounded by a misunderstanding of the differences between the loading produced by a free field explosive blast and loading produced by a conventional shock tube. The principles of blast scaling have been well established for decades and when properly applied will do much to repair these problems. This paper provides guidance regarding proper experimental methods and offers insights into the implications of improperly designed and executed tests. Through application of computational methods, useful data can be extracted from well-documented historical tests, and future work can be conducted in a way to maximize the effectiveness and use of valuable biological test data. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-04-08 /pmc/articles/PMC4389725/ /pubmed/25904891 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00072 Text en Copyright © 2015 Needham, Ritzel, Rule, Wiri and Young. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Neuroscience
Needham, Charles E.
Ritzel, David
Rule, Gregory T.
Wiri, Suthee
Young, Leanne
Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title_full Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title_fullStr Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title_full_unstemmed Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title_short Blast Testing Issues and TBI: Experimental Models That Lead to Wrong Conclusions
title_sort blast testing issues and tbi: experimental models that lead to wrong conclusions
topic Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4389725/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25904891
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2015.00072
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