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A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification

Cardiovascular (CV) calcification is known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis and is recognised as a predictor of CV events and mortality. As yet there is no treatment for CV calcification and conventional CV risk factors are not consistently correlated, leaving clinicians uncertain as to optimum manag...

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Autores principales: Nicoll, Rachel, Howard, John McLaren, Henein, Michael Y.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425113/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25906474
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048861
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author Nicoll, Rachel
Howard, John McLaren
Henein, Michael Y.
author_facet Nicoll, Rachel
Howard, John McLaren
Henein, Michael Y.
author_sort Nicoll, Rachel
collection PubMed
description Cardiovascular (CV) calcification is known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis and is recognised as a predictor of CV events and mortality. As yet there is no treatment for CV calcification and conventional CV risk factors are not consistently correlated, leaving clinicians uncertain as to optimum management for these patients. For this reason, a review of studies investigating diet and serum levels of macro- and micronutrients was carried out. Although there were few human studies of macronutrients, nevertheless transfats and simple sugars should be avoided, while long chain ω-3 fats from oily fish may be protective. Among the micronutrients, an intake of 800 μg/day calcium was beneficial in those without renal disease or hyperparathyroidism, while inorganic phosphorus from food preservatives and colas may induce calcification. A high intake of magnesium (≥380 mg/day) and phylloquinone (500 μg/day) proved protective, as did a serum 25(OH)D concentration of ≥75 nmol/L. Although oxidative damage appears to be a cause of CV calcification, the antioxidant vitamins proved to be largely ineffective, while supplementation of α-tocopherol may induce calcification. Nevertheless other antioxidant compounds (epigallocatechin gallate from green tea and resveratrol from red wine) were protective. Finally, a homocysteine concentration >12 µmol/L was predictive of CV calcification, although a plasma folate concentration of >39.4 nmol/L could both lower homocysteine and protect against calcification. In terms of a dietary programme, these recommendations indicate avoiding sugar and the transfats and preservatives found in processed foods and drinks and adopting a diet high in oily fish and vegetables. The micronutrients magnesium and vitamin K may be worthy of further investigation as a treatment option for CV calcification.
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spelling pubmed-44251132015-05-20 A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification Nicoll, Rachel Howard, John McLaren Henein, Michael Y. Int J Mol Sci Review Cardiovascular (CV) calcification is known as sub-clinical atherosclerosis and is recognised as a predictor of CV events and mortality. As yet there is no treatment for CV calcification and conventional CV risk factors are not consistently correlated, leaving clinicians uncertain as to optimum management for these patients. For this reason, a review of studies investigating diet and serum levels of macro- and micronutrients was carried out. Although there were few human studies of macronutrients, nevertheless transfats and simple sugars should be avoided, while long chain ω-3 fats from oily fish may be protective. Among the micronutrients, an intake of 800 μg/day calcium was beneficial in those without renal disease or hyperparathyroidism, while inorganic phosphorus from food preservatives and colas may induce calcification. A high intake of magnesium (≥380 mg/day) and phylloquinone (500 μg/day) proved protective, as did a serum 25(OH)D concentration of ≥75 nmol/L. Although oxidative damage appears to be a cause of CV calcification, the antioxidant vitamins proved to be largely ineffective, while supplementation of α-tocopherol may induce calcification. Nevertheless other antioxidant compounds (epigallocatechin gallate from green tea and resveratrol from red wine) were protective. Finally, a homocysteine concentration >12 µmol/L was predictive of CV calcification, although a plasma folate concentration of >39.4 nmol/L could both lower homocysteine and protect against calcification. In terms of a dietary programme, these recommendations indicate avoiding sugar and the transfats and preservatives found in processed foods and drinks and adopting a diet high in oily fish and vegetables. The micronutrients magnesium and vitamin K may be worthy of further investigation as a treatment option for CV calcification. MDPI 2015-04-21 /pmc/articles/PMC4425113/ /pubmed/25906474 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048861 Text en © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Nicoll, Rachel
Howard, John McLaren
Henein, Michael Y.
A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title_full A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title_fullStr A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title_full_unstemmed A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title_short A Review of the Effect of Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification
title_sort review of the effect of diet on cardiovascular calcification
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4425113/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25906474
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms16048861
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