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Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study

INTRODUCTION: The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene among humans may elucidate individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine dysfunction may be involved with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. In...

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Autores principales: Shahin, Ola, Meguid, Nagwa A, Raafat, Omnia, Dawood, Reham M, Doss, Malak, Bader el Din, Noha G, El Awady, Mostafa K
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Libertas Academica 2015
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426936/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983551
http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S18519
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author Shahin, Ola
Meguid, Nagwa A
Raafat, Omnia
Dawood, Reham M
Doss, Malak
Bader el Din, Noha G
El Awady, Mostafa K
author_facet Shahin, Ola
Meguid, Nagwa A
Raafat, Omnia
Dawood, Reham M
Doss, Malak
Bader el Din, Noha G
El Awady, Mostafa K
author_sort Shahin, Ola
collection PubMed
description INTRODUCTION: The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene among humans may elucidate individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine dysfunction may be involved with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. In this study, we report the association between the phenotype of ADHD, a condition characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, and a 48-base pair VNTR in exon 3 of the DRD4 polymorphism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used a case control approach conducted on 29 ADHD and 31 ethnically matched control Egyptian children (ages 6–12 years). Cases were assessed by a psychiatric semi-structured interview and the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were done by touchdown PCR program using exon 3-specific primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: We observed a significant association between the existence of D4.4 allele of DRD4 and ADHD (P, 0.002); 6.9% of cases showed a single D4.4 and 10.3% showed a double D4.4 as compared to controls in whom D4.4 has never been detected. CONCLUSION: Children with smaller number of repeat alleles (two to four repeats) of the DRD4 gene have higher possibility to develop ADHD in Egyptian children.
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spelling pubmed-44269362015-05-15 Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study Shahin, Ola Meguid, Nagwa A Raafat, Omnia Dawood, Reham M Doss, Malak Bader el Din, Noha G El Awady, Mostafa K Biomark Insights Original Research INTRODUCTION: The variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene among humans may elucidate individual differences in susceptibility to neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine dysfunction may be involved with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptoms. In this study, we report the association between the phenotype of ADHD, a condition characterized by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness, and a 48-base pair VNTR in exon 3 of the DRD4 polymorphism. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We used a case control approach conducted on 29 ADHD and 31 ethnically matched control Egyptian children (ages 6–12 years). Cases were assessed by a psychiatric semi-structured interview and the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale. VNTR polymorphisms of the DRD4 gene were done by touchdown PCR program using exon 3-specific primers followed by agarose gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: We observed a significant association between the existence of D4.4 allele of DRD4 and ADHD (P, 0.002); 6.9% of cases showed a single D4.4 and 10.3% showed a double D4.4 as compared to controls in whom D4.4 has never been detected. CONCLUSION: Children with smaller number of repeat alleles (two to four repeats) of the DRD4 gene have higher possibility to develop ADHD in Egyptian children. Libertas Academica 2015-05-05 /pmc/articles/PMC4426936/ /pubmed/25983551 http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S18519 Text en © 2015 the author(s), publisher and licensee Libertas Academica Ltd. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC-BY-NC 3.0 License.
spellingShingle Original Research
Shahin, Ola
Meguid, Nagwa A
Raafat, Omnia
Dawood, Reham M
Doss, Malak
Bader el Din, Noha G
El Awady, Mostafa K
Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title_full Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title_fullStr Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title_full_unstemmed Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title_short Polymorphism in Variable Number of Tandem Repeats of Dopamine D4 Gene Is a Genetic Risk Factor in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Egyptian Children: Pilot Study
title_sort polymorphism in variable number of tandem repeats of dopamine d4 gene is a genetic risk factor in attention deficit hyperactive egyptian children: pilot study
topic Original Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426936/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25983551
http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S18519
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