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The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships
An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re-emphasize the old standpoint that the genotype–phenotype (GP) relationship is best viewed as a connection between two differences, o...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2015
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437230/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042146 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00179 |
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author | Orgogozo, Virginie Morizot, Baptiste Martin, Arnaud |
author_facet | Orgogozo, Virginie Morizot, Baptiste Martin, Arnaud |
author_sort | Orgogozo, Virginie |
collection | PubMed |
description | An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re-emphasize the old standpoint that the genotype–phenotype (GP) relationship is best viewed as a connection between two differences, one at the genetic level and one at the phenotypic level. As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype. Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships. Here we show that the differential view of GP relationships is a useful explanatory framework in the context of pervasive pleiotropy, epistasis, and environmental effects. In such cases, it is relevant to view GP relationships as differences embedded into differences. Thinking in terms of differences clarifies the comparison between environmental and genetic effects on phenotypes and helps to further understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4437230 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2015 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44372302015-06-03 The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships Orgogozo, Virginie Morizot, Baptiste Martin, Arnaud Front Genet Genetics An integrative view of diversity and singularity in the living world requires a better understanding of the intricate link between genotypes and phenotypes. Here we re-emphasize the old standpoint that the genotype–phenotype (GP) relationship is best viewed as a connection between two differences, one at the genetic level and one at the phenotypic level. As of today, predominant thinking in biology research is that multiple genes interact with multiple environmental variables (such as abiotic factors, culture, or symbionts) to produce the phenotype. Often, the problem of linking genotypes and phenotypes is framed in terms of genotype and phenotype maps, and such graphical representations implicitly bring us away from the differential view of GP relationships. Here we show that the differential view of GP relationships is a useful explanatory framework in the context of pervasive pleiotropy, epistasis, and environmental effects. In such cases, it is relevant to view GP relationships as differences embedded into differences. Thinking in terms of differences clarifies the comparison between environmental and genetic effects on phenotypes and helps to further understand the connection between genotypes and phenotypes. Frontiers Media S.A. 2015-05-19 /pmc/articles/PMC4437230/ /pubmed/26042146 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00179 Text en Copyright © 2015 Orgogozo, Morizot and Martin. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Genetics Orgogozo, Virginie Morizot, Baptiste Martin, Arnaud The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title | The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title_full | The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title_fullStr | The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title_full_unstemmed | The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title_short | The differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
title_sort | differential view of genotype–phenotype relationships |
topic | Genetics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4437230/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26042146 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2015.00179 |
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