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Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model
Frewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states...
Autores principales: | , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Routledge
2014
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440663/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650122 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.873377 |
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author | Frewen, Paul A. Lanius, Ruth A. |
author_facet | Frewen, Paul A. Lanius, Ruth A. |
author_sort | Frewen, Paul A. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Frewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Four dimensions were specified: time-memory, thought, body, and emotion. The 4-D model further hypothesizes that in traumatized persons, symptoms of TRASC, compared with NWC forms of distress, will be (a) observed less frequently; (b) less intercorrelated, especially as measured as moment-to-moment states; (c) observed more frequently in people with high dissociative symptomatology as measured independently; and (d) observed more often in people who have experienced repeated traumatization, particularly early developmental trauma. The aim of the present research was to begin to evaluate these 4 predictions of the 4-D model. Within a sample of 74 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) primarily due to histories of childhood trauma, as well as within a 2nd sample of 504 undergraduates (384 females), the 1st 2 hypotheses of the 4-D model were supported. In addition, within the PTSD sample, the 3rd hypothesis was supported. However, inconsistent with the 4th hypothesis, severity of childhood trauma history was not strongly associated with TRASC. We conclude that the hypotheses articulated by the 4-D model were generally supported, although further research in different trauma-related disorders is needed, and the role of childhood trauma history in the etiology of TRASC requires further research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-4440663 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2014 |
publisher | Routledge |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-44406632015-06-08 Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model Frewen, Paul A. Lanius, Ruth A. J Trauma Dissociation Articles Frewen and Lanius (in press) recently articulated a 4-D model as a framework for classifying symptoms of posttraumatic stress into those that potentially occur within normal waking consciousness (NWC) versus those that intrinsically represent dissociative experiences of trauma-related altered states of consciousness (TRASC). Four dimensions were specified: time-memory, thought, body, and emotion. The 4-D model further hypothesizes that in traumatized persons, symptoms of TRASC, compared with NWC forms of distress, will be (a) observed less frequently; (b) less intercorrelated, especially as measured as moment-to-moment states; (c) observed more frequently in people with high dissociative symptomatology as measured independently; and (d) observed more often in people who have experienced repeated traumatization, particularly early developmental trauma. The aim of the present research was to begin to evaluate these 4 predictions of the 4-D model. Within a sample of 74 women with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) primarily due to histories of childhood trauma, as well as within a 2nd sample of 504 undergraduates (384 females), the 1st 2 hypotheses of the 4-D model were supported. In addition, within the PTSD sample, the 3rd hypothesis was supported. However, inconsistent with the 4th hypothesis, severity of childhood trauma history was not strongly associated with TRASC. We conclude that the hypotheses articulated by the 4-D model were generally supported, although further research in different trauma-related disorders is needed, and the role of childhood trauma history in the etiology of TRASC requires further research. Routledge 2014-08-08 2014-06-30 /pmc/articles/PMC4440663/ /pubmed/24650122 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.873377 Text en Published with license by Taylor & Francis This is an Open Access article. Non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly attributed, cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way, is permitted. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. |
spellingShingle | Articles Frewen, Paul A. Lanius, Ruth A. Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title | Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title_full | Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title_fullStr | Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title_full_unstemmed | Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title_short | Trauma-Related Altered States of Consciousness: Exploring the 4-D Model |
title_sort | trauma-related altered states of consciousness: exploring the 4-d model |
topic | Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440663/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24650122 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2013.873377 |
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